Professor Sebastian Gaigg
Contact details
About
Overview
Prof. Gaigg joined the Autism Research Group at City, University of London in 2001 and has since then pursued two primary research interests. One strand of his work focuses on understanding learning and memory processes across the autism spectrum, with projects ranging from the examination of episodic memory in autistic adults who live relatively independent lives, to studies of basic learning processes in young autistic children who have significant language and intellectual impairments. His second strand of work seeks to develop a better understanding of the emotional lives of individuals with autism, particularly concerning the mechanisms underlying the unusually high prevalence of anxiety disorders in this population, and the implications for the development of effective treatments.
Administrative roles
- Member of the Department's Research Committee
- Member of the Department's Management Group
Teaching
PS1004 - History and Theory of Psychology
I am the module leader for this module.
PS3034 - Emotions
I am the module leader for this module.
MSc in Clinical, Social and Cognitive Neurosceince:
I contribute a number of lectures to this course on psychophysiological recording techniques and social cognition
Honours Research Project:
My students usually investigate the relationship between autistic traits and aspects of mental health such as anxiety and depression, in the general population.
PhD students
Current:
Effy Zachou
Sarah Donald
Nalini Edwards
Laura Lennuyeux-Comnene
Mariana Costa e Silva
Completed:
Manuel Mello
Martina Fanghella
Anna Lambrechts
Alida Acosta
Claire Derwent
Sophie Anns
Lama Saadi Taher Abdulla
Melanie Ring
Research
Supporting the Autism Community
My research broadly seeks to inform how best to promote the quality of life of autistic children, adolescents and adults. Part of my research focuses on understanding learning and memory processes across the autism spectrum, with a view to inform strategies for fostering successful learning (for example in schools). Other aspects of my work seek to develop effective mental health support for this community by better understanding the causes underlying common mental health difficulties among autistic individuals. In order to effectively translate new evidence into practice I work closely with the communities concerned, often using co-design research methods that bring researchers together with stakeholders as equal partners.
Publications
Publications by category
Chapters (3)
- Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2018). A Relational Processing Framework of Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder. (pp. 9-26). Wiley. ISBN 9781119158264.
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Lind, S.E. (2011). Memory in autism: binding, self and brain. In Roth, I. and Rezaie, P. (Eds.), Researching the Autism Spectrum: Contemporary Perspectives (pp. 316-346). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521736862.
- Bowler, D.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2008). Memory in ASD: Emerging themes and future prospects. In Boucher, J. and Bowler, D.M. (Eds.), Memory in Autism: Theory and Evidence (pp. 330-349). Cambridge University Press.
Conference papers and proceedings (5)
- Donald, S., Edwards, N., Henry, L., Remington, A. and Gaigg, S. USING EXPERIENCE-BASED CO-DESIGN TO IMPROVE THE ACCESSIBILITY AND INCLUSIVITY OF RESEARCH FOR AUTISTIC INDIVIDUALS WITH COMPLEX SUPPORT NEEDS. .
- Fanghella, M., Gaigg, S.B., Candidi, M., Forster, B. and Calvo-Merino, B. Reduced somatosensory processing of emotional expressions in autism spectrum disorder. .doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.05.148
- Lambrechts, A., Gaigg, S., Yarrow, K., Maras, K. and Fusaroli, R. (2014). Temporal dynamics of speech and gesture in Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2014 5th IEEE Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom) 5-7 November.doi:10.1109/coginfocom.2014.7020477
- Lambrechts, A., Yarrow, K., Maras, K. and Gaigg, S. Impact of the Temporal Dynamics of Speech and Gesture on Communication in Autism Spectrum Disorder. .doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.380
- Jones, C.R.G., Gaigg, S.B. and Lambrechts, A. Using Time Perception to Explore Sensitivity to Emotional Stimuli in Autism Spectrum Disorder. .doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.02.328
Journal articles (68)
- Fanghella, M., Dima, D., Pinotsis, D., Gaigg, S.B., Calvo‐Merino, B. and Forster, B. (2026). Changes in Intrinsic Activity of the Primary Somatosensory Cortex Causally Explain Differences in Emotion Perception in Autism. Autism Research, 19(4). doi:10.1002/aur.70197
- Oestreicher, S., Bowler, D.M., Derwent, C.T., Gaigg, S.B., Roessner, V., Vetter, N.... Ring, M. (2026). Structural Learning in Autistic and Non-Autistic Children: A Replication and Extension. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 56(1), pp. 229-240. doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06486-0
- Lennuyeux-Comnene, L., Yates, J. and Gaigg, S.B. (2025). What Is Uncertainty? A Grounded Theory of the Role of Uncertainty in Anxiety in Autism. Autism in Adulthood, 7(6), pp. 739-751. doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0085
- Costa e Silva, M.R.D.V., Gaigg, S.B., Benjamin, L. and Bogosian, A. (2025). Interventions to improve parental mental health and psychological well-being in parents of adolescents with a diagnosis of ASD and/or ADHD: A systematic review. Research in Autism, 126, pp. 202649-202649. doi:10.1016/j.reia.2025.202649
- Roestorf, A., Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Howlin, P. (2025). Prospective memory and quality of life in older and younger autistic adults. Cortex, 185, pp. 31-49. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.01.006
- Thiel, T., Riedelbauch, S., Gaigg, S., Roessner, V. and Ring, M. (2024). The impact of depressive and anxious symptoms on quality of life in adults on the autism spectrum. Autism Research, 17(6), pp. 1161-1174. doi:10.1002/aur.3144
- Riedelbauch, S., Gaigg, S.B., Thiel, T., Roessner, V. and Ring, M. (2024). Examining a model of anxiety in autistic adults. Autism, 28(3), pp. 565-579. doi:10.1177/13623613231177777
- Stogiannos, N., Pavlopoulou, G., Papadopoulos, C., Walsh, G., Potts, B., Moqbel, S.... Malamateniou, C. (2023). Strategies to improve the magnetic resonance imaging experience for autistic individuals: a cross-sectional study exploring parents and carers’ experiences. BMC Health Services Research, 23(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-023-10333-w
- Alvarez, R., Velthorst, E., Pinkham, A., Ludwig, K.A., Alamansa, J., Gaigg, S.B.... Fett, A.-.K. (2023). Reading the mind in the eyes and cognitive ability in schizophrenia- and autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Medicine, 53(16), pp. 7913-7922. doi:10.1017/s0033291723002052
- Haenschel, C., Krupic, D., Hoff, A., Corr, P.J., Gaigg, S. and Fett, A. (2023). Comparing two measures of schizotypy and their relationship with psychological distress in British university students. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 17(11), pp. 1095-1106. doi:10.1111/eip.13404
- Ioakeimidis, V., Lennuyeux-Comnene, L., Khachatoorian, N., Gaigg, S.B., Haenschel, C., Kyriakopoulos, M.... Dima, D. (2023). Trait and State Anxiety Effects on Mismatch Negativity and Sensory Gating Event-Related Potentials. Brain Sciences, 13(10). doi:10.3390/brainsci13101421
- Stogiannos, N., Harvey-Lloyd, J.M., Brammer, A., Cleaver, K., McNulty, J.P., dos Reis, C.S.... Malamateniou, C. (2023). Toward Autism-Friendly Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Exploring Autistic Individuals' Experiences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scans in the United Kingdom, a Cross-Sectional Survey. Autism in Adulthood, 5(3), pp. 248-262. doi:10.1089/aut.2022.0051
- Zeisel, A., Thiel, T., Gaigg, S.B., Roessner, V. and Ring, M. (2023). Validation of the German Glasgow Sensory Questionnaire and replication of sensory processing differences in students with higher and lower Autism-Spectrum Quotient. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1). doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04903-9
- Schochet, E., Haenschel, C., Gaigg, S. and Fett, A.-.K. (2023). Mental health, loneliness and stress of Asian, Black and White UK university students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1), pp. 100697-100697. doi:10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100697
- Ozsivadjian, A., Milner, V., Pickard, H., Hollock, M.J., Gaigg, S.B., Colvert, E.... Magiati, I. (2022). Autistic and non-autistic young people’s and caregivers’ perspectives on COVID-19-related schooling changes and their impact on emotional well-being: An opportunity for change? Autism. doi:10.1177/13623613221140759
- Christensen, R., Haenschel, C., Gaigg, S.B. and Fett, A.-.K.J. (2022). Loneliness, positive, negative and disorganised Schizotypy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 29, pp. 100243-100243. doi:10.1016/j.scog.2022.100243
- Bast, N., Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M., Roessner, V., Freitag, C.M. and Ring, M. (2022). Arousal‐modulated memory encoding and retrieval in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 15(9), pp. 1609-1620. doi:10.1002/aur.2784
- Fanghella, M., Gaigg, S.B., Candidi, M., Forster, B. and Calvo-Merino, B. (2022). Somatosensory Evoked Potentials Reveal Reduced Embodiment of Emotions in Autism. The Journal of Neuroscience, 42(11), pp. 2298-2312. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0706-21.2022
- Eastwood, S., Evans, B., Gaigg, S., Harbord, J. and Milton, D. (2021). Autism through cinema: co-creation and the unmaking of knowledge. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education pp. 1-18. doi:10.1080/09518398.2022.2025492
- Yearsley, J.M., Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M., Ring, M. and Haenschel, C. (2021). What Can Performance in the IEDS Task Tell Us About Attention Shifting in Clinical Groups? Autism Research, 14(6), pp. 1237-1251. doi:10.1002/aur.2484
- Anns, S., Gaigg, S.B., Hampton, J.A., Bowler, D.M. and Boucher, J. (2020). Declarative Memory and Structural Language Impairment in Autistic Children and Adolescents. Autism Research, 13(11), pp. 1947-1958. doi:10.1002/aur.2282
- Gaigg, S.B., Krug, M.K., Solomon, M., Roestorf, A., Derwent, C., Anns, S.... Jones, E.J.H. (2020). Eye‐Tracking Reveals Absent Repetition Learning Across the Autism Spectrum: Evidence From a Passive Viewing Task. Autism Research, 13(11), pp. 1929-1946. doi:10.1002/aur.2368
- Lambrechts, A., Cook, J., Ludvig, E.A., Alonso, E., Anns, S., Taylor, M.... Gaigg, S.B. (2020). Reward Devaluation in Autistic Children and Adolescents with Complex Needs: A Feasibility Study. Autism Research, 13(11), pp. 1915-1928. doi:10.1002/aur.2388
- Ring, M., Guillery‐Girard, B., Quinette, P., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2020). Short‐Term Memory Span and Cross‐Modality Integration in Younger and Older Adults With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 13(11), pp. 1970-1984. doi:10.1002/aur.2387
- Maras, K., Coral, D., Heather, S., Anna, L., Sophie, A. and Gaigg, S. (2020). The Witness-Aimed First Account (WAFA): A new technique for interviewing autistic witnesses and victims. Autism: the international journal of research and practice, 24(6), pp. 1449-1467. doi:10.1177/1362361320908986
- Gaigg, S.B., Flaxman, P.E., McLaven, G., Shah, R., Bowler, D.M., Meyer, B.... South, M. (2020). Self-guided mindfulness and cognitive behavioural practices reduce anxiety in autistic adults: A pilot 8-month waitlist-controlled trial of widely available online tools. Autism, 24(4), pp. 867-883. doi:10.1177/1362361320909184
- Ring, M., Bowler, D.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2020). A Physiological Marker of Recognition Memory in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder? ‐ The Pupil Old/New Effect. Autism Research, 13(4), pp. 627-640. doi:10.1002/aur.2251
- Nicholson, T.M., Williams, D.M., Grainger, C., Christensen, J.F., Calvo-Merino, B. and Gaigg, S.B. (2018). Interoceptive impairments do not lie at the heart of autism or alexithymia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(6), pp. 612-622. doi:10.1037/abn0000370
- Constable, P.A., Ring, M., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2018). Problem-solving styles in autism spectrum disorder and the development of higher cognitive functions. Autism, 22(5), pp. 597-608. doi:10.1177/1362361317691044
- Ring, M., Gaigg, S.B., Altgassen, M., Barr, P. and Bowler, D.M. (2018). Allocentric Versus Egocentric Spatial Memory in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(6), pp. 2101-2111. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3465-5
- Ring, M., Gaigg, S.B., de Condappa, O., Wiener, J.M. and Bowler, D.M. (2018). Spatial navigation from same and different directions: The role of executive functions, memory and attention in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 11(5), pp. 798-810. doi:10.1002/aur.1924
- Christensen, J.F., Gaigg, S.B. and Calvo‐Merino, B. (2018). I can feel my heartbeat: Dancers have increased interoceptive accuracy. Psychophysiology, 55(4). doi:10.1111/psyp.13008
- Stotesbury, H., Gaigg, S.B., Kirhan, S. and Haenschel, C. (2018). The influence of schizotypal traits on attention under high perceptual load. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 11, pp. 6-10. doi:10.1016/j.scog.2017.10.002
- Gaigg, S.B., Cornell, A.S.F. and Bird, G. (2018). The psychophysiological mechanisms of alexithymia in autism spectrum disorder. Autism, 22(2), pp. 227-231. doi:10.1177/1362361316667062
- Semino, S., Ring, M., Bowler, D.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2018). The Influence of task Demands, Verbal Ability and Executive Functions on Item and Source Memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(1), pp. 184-197. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3299-6
- Ring, M., Bowler, D.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2017). An eye-movement study of relational memory in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(10), pp. 2981-2991. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3212-3
- Ring, M., Derwent, C.L.T., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2017). Structural learning difficulties implicate altered hippocampal functioning in adults with autism spectrum disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 126(6), pp. 793-804. doi:10.1037/abn0000277
- Jones, C.R.G., Lambrechts, A. and Gaigg, S.B. (2017). Using Time Perception to Explore Implicit Sensitivity to Emotional Stimuli in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47(7), pp. 2054-2066. doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3120-6
- Fusaroli, R., Lambrechts, A., Bang, D., Bowler, D.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2017). “Is voice a marker for Autism spectrum disorder? A systematic review and meta‐analysis”. Autism Research, 10(3), pp. 384-407. doi:10.1002/aur.1678
- Bowler, D.M., Poirier, M., Martin, J.S. and Gaigg, S.B. (2016). Nonverbal short-term serial order memory in autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(7), pp. 886-893. doi:10.1037/abn0000203
- Christensen, J.F., Gomila, A., Gaigg, S.B., Sivarajah, N. and Calvo-Merino, B. (2016). Dance expertise modulates behavioral and psychophysiological responses to affective body movement. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 42(8), pp. 1139-1147. doi:10.1037/xhp0000176
- Maisel, M.E., Stephenson, K.G., South, M., Rodgers, J., Freeston, M.H. and Gaigg, S.B. (2016). Modeling the cognitive mechanisms Linking autism symptoms and Anxiety in adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 125(5), pp. 692-703. doi:10.1037/abn0000168
- Ipser, A., Ring, M., Murphy, J., Gaigg, S.B. and Cook, R. (2016). Similar exemplar pooling processes underlie the learning of facial identity and handwriting style: Evidence from typical observers and individuals with Autism. Neuropsychologia, 85, pp. 169-176. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.03.017
- Constable, P.A., Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M., Jägle, H. and Thompson, D.A. (2016). Full-field electroretinogram in autism spectrum disorder. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 132(2), pp. 83-99. doi:10.1007/s10633-016-9529-y
- Ring, M., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2016). Relational Memory Processes in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 9(1), pp. 97-106. doi:10.1002/aur.1493
- Ring, M., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2015). Object‐location memory in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research, 8(5), pp. 609-619. doi:10.1002/aur.1478
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2015). Brief Report: The Role of Task Support in the Spatial and Temporal Source Memory of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(8), pp. 2613-2617. doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2378-9
- Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M., Ecker, C., Calvo‐Merino, B. and Murphy, D.G. (2015). Episodic Recollection Difficulties in ASD Result from Atypical Relational Encoding: Behavioral and Neural Evidence. Autism Research, 8(3), pp. 317-327. doi:10.1002/aur.1448
- Murphy, J., Ipser, A., Gaigg, S.B. and Cook, R. (2015). Exemplar variance supports robust learning of facial identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 41(3), pp. 577-581. doi:10.1037/xhp0000049
- Shah, P., Gaule, A., Gaigg, S.B., Bird, G. and Cook, R. (2015). Probing short-term face memory in developmental prosopagnosia. Cortex, 64, pp. 115-122. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.10.006
- Christensen, J.F., Gaigg, S.B., Gomila, A., Oke, P. and Calvo-Merino, B. (2014). Enhancing emotional experiences to dance through music: the role of valence and arousal in the cross-modal bias. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00757
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2014). Binding of Multiple Features in Memory by High-Functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(9), pp. 2355-2362. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2105-y
- Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M. and Gardiner, J.M. (2014). Episodic but not semantic order memory difficulties in autism spectrum disorder: evidence from the Historical Figures Task. Memory, 22(6), pp. 669-678. doi:10.1080/09658211.2013.811256
- Maras, K.L., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2012). Memory for emotionally arousing events over time in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Emotion, 12(5), pp. 1118-1128. doi:10.1037/a0026679
- Constable, P., Gaigg, S.B., Bowler, D.M. and Thompson, D.A. (2012). Motion and pattern cortical potentials in adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Documenta Ophthalmologica, 125(3), pp. 219-227. doi:10.1007/s10633-012-9349-7
- Gaigg, S.B. (2012). The Interplay between Emotion and Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Developmental Theory. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00113
- Poirier, M., Martin, J.S., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2011). Short-term memory in autism spectrum disorder. J Abnorm Psychol, 120(1), pp. 247-252. doi:10.1037/a0022298
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2010). Multiple list learning in adults with autism spectrum disorder: parallels with frontal lobe damage or further evidence of diminished relational processing? J Autism Dev Disord, 40(2), pp. 179-187. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0845-x
- Constable, P.A., Solomon, J.A., Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2010). Crowding and visual search in high functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder. Clinical Optometry, 2, pp. 1-11. doi:10.2147/OPTO.S11476
- Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2009). Brief report: Attenuated emotional suppression of the attentional blink in Autism Spectrum Disorder: another non-social abnormality? J Autism Dev Disord, 39(8), pp. 1211-1217. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0719-2
- Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2009). Illusory memories of emotionally charged words in autism spectrum disorder: further evidence for atypical emotion processing outside the social domain. J Autism Dev Disord, 39(7), pp. 1031-1038. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0710-y
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2009). Free recall learning of hierarchically organised lists by adults with Asperger's syndrome: additional evidence for diminished relational processing. J Autism Dev Disord, 39(4), pp. 589-595. doi:10.1007/s10803-008-0659-2
- Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2008). Free recall and forgetting of emotionally arousing words in autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 46(9), pp. 2336-2343. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.008
- Gaigg, S.B., Gardiner, J.M. and Bowler, D.M. (2008). Free recall in autism spectrum disorder: the role of relational and item-specific encoding. Neuropsychologia, 46(4), pp. 983-992. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.11.011
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2008). Effects of related and unrelated context on recall and recognition by adults with high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Neuropsychologia, 46(4), pp. 993-999. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.12.004
- Bowler, D.M., Gaigg, S.B. and Gardiner, J.M. (2008). Subjective organisation in the free recall learning of adults with Asperger's syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord, 38(1), pp. 104-113. doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0366-4
- Gaigg, S.B. and Bowler, D.M. (2007). Differential fear conditioning in Asperger's syndrome: implications for an amygdala theory of autism. Neuropsychologia, 45(9), pp. 2125-2134. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.01.012
- Bowler, D.M., Gardiner, J.M. and Gaigg, S.B. (2007). Factors affecting conscious awareness in the recollective experience of adults with Asperger's syndrome. Conscious Cogn, 16(1), pp. 124-143. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.12.001
Thesis/dissertation
- Gaigg, S.B. The role of emotional processes in the development of autism spectrum disorder. (Other)