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  1. Home
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  5. Dr Raheelah Ahmad
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photo of Raheelah Ahmad

Dr Raheelah Ahmad

Professor

School of Health & Medical Sciences Department of Population Health and Policy

Contact details

  • +44 (0)20 7040 5816
  • 02070405816
  • Raheelah.Ahmad@citystgeorges.ac.uk
  • About
  • Research
  • Publications
  • Professional activities

About

Overview

Raheelah Ahmad is a Reader in Health Systems with over a decade of research and capacity strengthening focusing on innovation and change in national and international contexts. She is a Co-lead for the Informed Policy Pillar and Research Strategy Advisor (Health Systems and Policy) at the Fleming Initiative. She is part of the Senior Management team and was the Director for Global Engagement (2021-2025). 

Raheelah joined City in Nov 2019 and leads the Health Management and Leadership and the Innovation and Change teaching on the Health Management MSc programme at City. She also contributes to the Master of Public Health Programme. With expertise in research, capacity strengthening, and healthcare innovation, she has over a decade of national and international experience. 

She is Senior Mentor for the DHSC/UK Government Fleming Fund Policy Fellows Programme, Knowledge Mobilisation Lead for National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Units (HPRU): Respiratory Infections at Imperial College London. She was the Deputy Chair of The Surveillance and Epidemiology of Drug-resistant Infections Consortium (SEDRIC).

Raheelah is also the KM lead for the Wellcome Trust funded international collaboration CAMO-Net to address AMR, where she is supporting the co-development of contextually relevant tools, guidelines, and practices that can be readily implemented with the support of governments and policymakers.

Preceded by a decade of management experience in the English National Health Service, she is a recipient of the prestigious NIHR Fellowship in Knowledge Mobilisation and PI and Co-I on research commissioned by The World Health Organisation, NIHR, ESRC/UKRI, Wellcome Trust. She co-leads the Implementation Course in Infection Control (EUCIC), in collaboration with the University of Geneva Hospitals and Zurich University, in its 8th year of running and contributes to the Healthcare Infection Society and UKHSA foundation course on Infection Prevention.

Qualifications

  • PhD Health Management, Business School, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
  • MSc Health Services Management, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, United Kingdom
  • MSc Medical Informatics, City University & Guy’s & St Thomas’ Medical School, United Kingdom
  • PGCE, King's College London, United Kingdom
  • BSc Mathematics, University College London, United Kingdom

Employment

  • Director for Global Engagement, City, University London, United Kingdom, February 2021 - 2025

Visiting appointments

  • Visiting Scientist, Harvard University, 2019 - present
  • Adjunct Faculty, Dow University of Health Sciences, Pakistan, 2019 - present

Memberships of committees

  • Informed Policy Co-Lead, Fleming Initiative, September 2025 - September 2029
  • Technical Advisor, Fleming Fund, 2020 - present

Languages

Urdu

Expertise

Geographic Areas

  • Africa - Southern
  • Asia
  • Europe

Research

Title of thesis: Parent-Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health Communication in South-Eastern Nigeria: a qualitative study

October 2018 - September 2021

Summary of research

Adolescent Sexual and Reproductive Health (ASRH) remains high on the global agenda due to high burden of ASRH issues particularly in low resource settings. Using the social ecological model for communication and behaviour as a lens, this qualitative study aims to amplify adolescents’ voices on their experiences and preferences of getting sexual health information from their parents and other sources. This research seeks to inform the design of relevant sexual health interventions that address adolescents’ needs.

Supervisory Team
1. Dr Raheelah Ahmad
Senior Lecturer, School of Health Sciences
Division of Health Services Research and Management

2. Dr Katherine Curtis-Tyler
Senior Lecturer, School of Health Sciences
Division of Health Services Research and Management

Funding
Self-funded

Publications and Presentations
7th SHS Doctoral Research Conference- City University of London
Topic: Parent-Adolescent Interaction on adolescent sexual and reproductive health in Sub-Saharan Africa

Selected Projects

Co-I: NIHR HPRU for Healthcare Associated infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, NIHR HPRU Respiratory Infections, NIHR HPRU Modelling and Health Economics - NIHR 3 x £5 million 04/2020 – 60 months

PI: Evaluation of antibiotic use in out of hours settings - Public Health England £40,000 (08/2019 - 12 months)

Co-I: Evaluating Pharmacy led advise for Urinary Tract Infections - Public Health England £65,000 (08/2018 - 12 months)

PI: Optimising knowledge mobilisation - NIHR £215,000 (06/2016 – 36 months)

Co-I: Improving surgical outcomes and reducing mortality and morbidity in maternal, neonatal and paediatric populations: optimising antibiotic use and infection prevention - Research England Grand Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) £147,723 (11/2018 - 9 months)

Co-I: Antibiotic use across Surgical Pathways - Investigating, Redesigning and Evaluating Systems; India, South Africa, Rwanda, England, Scotland. GCRF/ESRC £1.9 million (05/2017 - 48 months)

PI: Evaluation of family medicine reforms in Turkey - World Bank/MoH £80,200 (11/2011-12 months)

Research students

1stsupervisor

  • Dr Ijeoma Usonwu, Research Student

Publications

Publications by category

Conference papers and proceedings (2)

  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R., Iwami, M., Castro Sanchez, E., Atun, R. and Holmes, A. A multi-level analysis of infection control in English hospitals: coerced safety culture change. .doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky213.529
  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R., Iwami, M., Sanchez, E.C., Atun, R. and Holmes, A. A multi-level analysis of infection control in English hospitals: coerced safety culture change. .

Journal articles (100)

  • Beckham, J., Jain, R., Haghgozar, D., Castro-Sanchez, E., Joshi, J., Mpundu, M.... Reid, S. (2026). Inclusion of antimicrobial resistance in a pandemic agreement: why it matters and what comes next? Health Affairs Scholar, 4(3). doi:10.1093/haschl/qxag044

    [publisher’s website]

  • Drobniewski, F., Ashmi, M., Ahmad, R., He, C., Bogdanova, M., Garbacz, A.... Moustafa, A. (2025). Factors influencing vaccine hesitancy among United Kingdom adolescents in a senior high school environment and actions to address it. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 21(1). doi:10.1080/21645515.2025.2475599

    [publisher’s website]

  • Limmathurotsakul, D., Ahmad, R., Ashley, E.A., Atun, R., van Doorn, R.H., Joshi, J.... Feasey, N.A. (2025). Transitioning to people-centred antimicrobial resistance surveillance. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(25)00662-0

    [publisher’s website]

  • Carter, E., Ahmad, R., Aylin, P., Ming, D., Owens, T., Brett, B.M.... Zhu, N. (2025). P47 Addressing the increasing burden of infection and AMR in older people: a propensity-score-matched case-control analysis of urinary tract infection management and outcomes in and outside care homes in England. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 7(Supplement_4). doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlaf230.054

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zhu, N., Lee, M.X., Meadows, J., Ahmad, R. and Lecky, D. (2025). P49 Evaluation of the national rollout of the training to implement the TARGET stewardship toolkit in primary care in England: a quasi-experimental analysis using hybrid time series modelling. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 7(Supplement_4). doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlaf230.056

    [publisher’s website]

  • Karanfil, Ö., Akşin, Z., Ahmad, R., Atun, R., Ijzerman, M., Kusuma, D.... Zhu, N. (2025). At the brink of a paradigm shift in early cancer detection: Insights and directions for the modeling community. Cancer, 131(22). doi:10.1002/cncr.70160

    [publisher’s website]

  • Chen, S., Ko, W., Li, W., Xiao, R., Du, F., Zhang, J.... Wushouer, H. (2025). Study protocol for evaluating delayed antibiotic prescribing to promote rational antibiotic use in primary healthcare institutions in China: a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, clustered-randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open, 15(11), pp. e106008-e106008. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-106008

    [publisher’s website]

  • Peiffer-Smadja, N., Thy, M., Delory, T., Jeanmougin, P., Giordano, L., Bel, J.L.... Lescure, F.X. (2025). Determinants of sustainable adoption in primary care of a clinical decision support system for antimicrobial prescribing: A qualitative study. Infectious Diseases Now, 55(7), pp. 105157-105157. doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2025.105157

    [publisher’s website]

  • Drobniewski, F., Ashmi, M., Kusuma, D., Ahmad, R., Naumovas, D., Juozapaitė, D.... Serwin, K. (2025). Determinants of vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in an international multicenter study within the EuCARE project. Scientific Reports, 15(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-025-17507-y

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Zhu, N., Jain, R., Joshi, J., Mpundu, M., Gutierrez, P.A.... Atun, R. (2025). Systems Policy Analysis for Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted Action (SPAARTA): A Research Protocol. Wellcome Open Research, 9. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22923.2

    [publisher’s website]

  • Mohammadzadeh, A., Farjaminejad, S., Patel, P., Nanyonga, S., Ahmad, R., Stavropoulou, C.... Kozlakidis, Z. (2025). Biobanking in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review of Data Protection Frameworks. Biopreservation and Biobanking, 23(3), pp. 177-185. doi:10.1089/bio.2024.0086

    [publisher’s website]

  • Feasey, N., Ahmad, R., Ashley, E., Atun, R., Baker, K.S., Chiari, F.... Peacock, S.J. (2025). Insights of SEDRIC, the Surveillance and Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Infections Consortium. Wellcome Open Research, 10. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.23494.1

    [publisher’s website]

  • Hirani, S.P. and Ahmad, R. (2025). Superwoman syndrome and Women’s health and well-being: A systematic review. International Journal of Psychology Research, 7(2), pp. 86-103. doi:10.33545/26648903.2025.v7.i2b.98

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Zhu, N., Jain, R., Joshi, J., Mpundu, M., Gutierrez, P.A.... Atun, R. (2024). Systems Policy Analysis for Antimicrobial Resistance Targeted Action (SPAARTA): A Research Protocol. Wellcome Open Research, 9, pp. 700-700. doi:10.12688/wellcomeopenres.22923.1

    [publisher’s website]

  • Boyd, S.E., Zhu, N., Whitney, L., Surya, R., Holmes, A.H. and Ahmad, R. (2024). Online availability of antibiotics from within the UK: shifting patterns from 2016 to 2023. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 79(12), pp. 3191-3198. doi:10.1093/jac/dkae341

    [publisher’s website]

  • Arkell, P., Ketklao, S., Songjaeng, A., Mairiang, D., Rodriguez-Manzano, J., Georgiou, P.... Lawpoolsri, S. (2024). Diagnostics for optimised dengue surveillance: a qualitative focus group study to investigate user experience and requirements in Thailand. BMJ Open, 14(11), pp. e085946-e085946. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085946

    [publisher’s website]

  • Cocker, D., Birgand, G., Zhu, N., Rodriguez-Manzano, J., Ahmad, R., Jambo, K.... Holmes, A. (2024). Healthcare as a driver, reservoir and amplifier of antimicrobial resistance: opportunities for interventions. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 22(10), pp. 636-649. doi:10.1038/s41579-024-01076-4

    [publisher’s website]

  • Bonaconsa, C., Nampoothiri, V., Mbamalu, O., Dlamini, S., Surendran, S., Singh, S.K.... Charani, E. (2024). Mentorship as an overlooked dimension of research capacity strengthening: how to embed value-driven practices in global health. BMJ Global Health, 9(1), pp. e014394-e014394. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014394

    [publisher’s website]

  • Mbamalu, O., Surendran, S., Nampoothiri, V., Bonaconsa, C., Edathadathil, F., Zhu, N.... Mendelson, M. (2023). A survey of patient and public perceptions and awareness of SARS-CoV-2-related risks among participants in India and South Africa. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(7), pp. e0001078-e0001078. doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0001078

    [publisher’s website]

  • Mbamalu, O., Surendran, S., Nampoothiri, V., Bonaconsa, C., Edathadathil, F., Zhu, N.... Mendelson, M. (2023). Survey of healthcare worker perceptions of changes in infection control and antimicrobial stewardship practices in India and South Africa during the COVID-19 pandemic. IJID Regions, 6, pp. 90-98. doi:10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.11.010

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., Mendelson, M., Pallett, S.J.C., Ahmad, R., Mpundu, M., Mbamalu, O.... Holmes, A.H. (2023). An analysis of existing national action plans for antimicrobial resistance—gaps and opportunities in strategies optimising antibiotic use in human populations. The Lancet Global Health, 11(3), pp. e466-e474. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(23)00019-0

    [publisher’s website]

  • Birgand, G. and Ahmad, R. (2022). Ten minutes with Dr Gabriel Birgand of the Regional Center for Infection Prevention and Control (Pays de la Loire region), Nantes University Hospital. Head of the National Center for Surveillance and Prevention of AMR (antimicrobial resistance) and HAI (healthcare associated infections) in primary care and nursing homes. BMJ Leader, 6(4), pp. 327-328. doi:10.1136/leader-2021-000478

    [publisher’s website]

  • Birgand, G., Ahmad, R., Bulabula, A.N.H., Singh, S., Bearman, G., Sánchez, E.C.... Holmes, A. (2022). Innovation for infection prevention and control—revisiting Pasteur's vision. The Lancet, 400(10369), pp. 2250-2260. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(22)02459-x

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Gordon, A.C., Aylin, P., Redhead, J. and Holmes, A. (2022). Effective knowledge mobilisation: creating environments for quick generation, dissemination, and use of evidence. BMJ, 379, pp. e070195-e070195. doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-070195

    [publisher’s website]

  • Sarfraz, S. and Ahmad, R. (2022). 10 minutes with Dr Shabnum Sarfraz, Senior Advisor for Health Systems and Policy Research at P2Impact Associates and Member Social Sector & Devolution, Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan. BMJ Leader, 6(3), pp. 248-250. doi:10.1136/leader-2021-000479

    [publisher’s website]

  • Durand, C., Chappuis, A., Douriez, E., Poulain, F., Ahmad, R., Lescure, F.-.X.... Peiffer-Smadja, N. (2022). Perceptions, current practices, and interventions of community pharmacists regarding antimicrobial stewardship: A qualitative study. Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, 62(4), pp. 1239-1248.e1. doi:10.1016/j.japh.2022.02.003

    [publisher’s website]

  • Birgand, G., Charani, E., Ahmad, R., Bonaconsa, C., Mbamalu, O., Nampoothiri, V.... Singh, S. (2022). Interventional research to tackle antimicrobial resistance in Low Middle Income Countries in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons in resilience from an international consortium. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 117, pp. 174-178. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2022.02.013

    [publisher’s website]

  • Drobniewski, F., Kusuma, D., Broda, A., Castro-Sánchez, E. and Ahmad, R. (2022). COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy in Diverse Groups in the UK—Is the Driver Economic or Cultural in Student Populations. Vaccines, 10(4). doi:10.3390/vaccines10040501

    [publisher’s website]

  • Nampoothiri, V., Bonaconsa, C., Surendran, S., Mbamalu, O., Nambatya, W., Ahabwe Babigumira, P.... Charani, E. (2022). What does antimicrobial stewardship look like where you are? Global narratives from participants in a massive open online course. JAC-Antimicrobial Resistance, 4(1). doi:10.1093/jacamr/dlab186

    [publisher’s website]

  • Jadeja, N., Zhu, N.J., Lebcir, R.M., Sassi, F., Holmes, A. and Ahmad, R. (2022). Using system dynamics modelling to assess the economic efficiency of innovations in the public sector - a systematic review. PLOS ONE, 17(2), pp. e0263299-e0263299. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263299

    [publisher’s website]

  • Usonwu, I., Ahmad, R. and Curtis-Tyler, K. (2021). Parent–adolescent communication on adolescent sexual and reproductive health in sub-Saharan Africa: a qualitative review and thematic synthesis. Reproductive Health, 18(1). doi:10.1186/s12978-021-01246-0

    [publisher’s website]

  • Luba, M. and Ahmad, R. (2021). 10 minutes with Maureen Luba, Africa Region Advocacy Advisor at AIDS Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, Lilongwe, Malawi. BMJ Leader, 5(4), pp. 298-299. doi:10.1136/leader-2020-000333

    [publisher’s website]

  • Singh, S., Mendelson, M., Surendran, S., Bonaconsa, C., Mbamalu, O., Nampoothiri, V.... Ferlie, E. (2021). Investigating infection management and antimicrobial stewardship in surgery: a qualitative study from India and South Africa. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 27(10), pp. 1455-1464. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.12.013

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., McKee, M., Ahmad, R., Balasegaram, M., Bonaconsa, C., Merrett, G.B.... Holmes, A.H. (2021). Optimising antimicrobial use in humans – review of current evidence and an interdisciplinary consensus on key priorities for research. The Lancet Regional Health - Europe, 7, pp. 100161-100161. doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100161

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zhu, N.J., Ferlie, E.B., Castro-Sánchez, E., Birgand, G., Holmes, A.H., Atun, R.A.... Ahmad, R. (2021). Macro level factors influencing strategic responses to emergent pandemics: A scoping review. Journal of Global Health, 11. doi:10.7189/jogh.11.05012

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zhu, N.J., McLeod, M., McNulty, C.A.M., Lecky, D.M., Holmes, A.H. and Ahmad, R. (2021). Trends in Antibiotic Prescribing in Out-of-Hours Primary Care in England from January 2016 to June 2020 to Understand Behaviours during the First Wave of COVID-19. Antibiotics, 10(1), pp. 32-32. doi:10.3390/antibiotics10010032

    [publisher’s website]

  • Birgand, G., Mutters, N.T., Ahmad, R., Tacconelli, E., Lucet, J.-.C. and Holmes, A. (2020). Risk perception of antimicrobial resistance by infection control specialists in Europe: a case-vignette study. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 9(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-020-0695-z

    [publisher’s website]

  • Naylor, N.R., Yamashita, K., Iwami, M., Kunisawa, S., Mizuno, S., Castro-Sánchez, E.... Holmes, A. (2020). Code-Sharing in Cost-of-Illness Calculations: An Application to Antibiotic-Resistant Bloodstream Infections. Frontiers in Public Health, 8. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.562427

    [publisher’s website]

  • Veepanattu, P., Singh, S., Mendelson, M., Nampoothiri, V., Edathadatil, F., Surendran, S.... Charani, E. (2020). Building resilient and responsive research collaborations to tackle antimicrobial resistance—Lessons learnt from India, South Africa, and UK. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 100, pp. 278-282. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.08.057

    [publisher’s website]

  • Peiffer-Smadja, N., Allison, R., Jones, L.F., Holmes, A., Patel, P., Lecky, D.M.... McNulty, C.A.M. (2020). Preventing and Managing Urinary Tract Infections: Enhancing the Role of Community Pharmacists—A Mixed Methods Study. Antibiotics, 9(9), pp. 583-583. doi:10.3390/antibiotics9090583

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zhu, N.J., Ahmad, R., Holmes, A., Robotham, J.V., Lebcir, R. and Atun, R. (2020). System dynamics modelling to formulate policy interventions to optimise antibiotic prescribing in hospitals. Journal of the Operational Research Society. doi:10.1080/01605682.2020.1796537

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Ming, D., Ahmad, R., Moore, L.S.P. and Holmes, A.H. (2020). Antimicrobial use, drug-resistant infections and COVID-19. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 18(8), pp. 409-410. doi:10.1038/s41579-020-0395-y

    [publisher’s website]

  • Peiffer-Smadja, N., Rawson, T.M., Ahmad, R., Buchard, A., Georgiou, P., Lescure, F.-.X.... Holmes, A.H. (2020). Corrigendum to ‘machine learning for clinical decision support in infectious diseases: a narrative review of current applications’ clinical microbiology and infection (2020) 584–595. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(8), pp. 1118-1118. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2020.05.020

    [publisher’s website]

  • Peiffer-Smadja, N., Poda, A., Ouedraogo, A.-.S., Guiard-Schmid, J.-.B., Delory, T., Le Bel, J.... Lescure, F.-.X. (2020). Paving the Way for the Implementation of a Decision Support System for Antibiotic Prescribing in Primary Care in West Africa: Preimplementation and Co-Design Workshop With Physicians. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(7), pp. e17940-e17940. doi:10.2196/17940

    [publisher’s website]

  • Peiffer-Smadja, N., Rawson, T.M., Ahmad, R., Buchard, A., Georgiou, P., Lescure, F.-.X.... Holmes, A.H. (2020). Machine learning for clinical decision support in infectious diseases: a narrative review of current applications. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 26(5), pp. 584-595. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2019.09.009

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zingg, W., Storr, J., Park, B.J., Ahmad, R., Tarrant, C., Castro-Sanchez, E.... Pittet, D. (2019). Implementation research for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections; 2017 Geneva infection prevention and control (IPC)-think tank (part 1). Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0527-1

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zingg, W., Park, B.J., Storr, J., Ahmad, R., Tarrant, C., Castro-Sanchez, E.... Pittet, D. (2019). Technology for the prevention of antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections; 2017 Geneva IPC-Think Tank (Part 2). Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0538-y

    [publisher’s website]

  • Castro-Sánchez, E., Gilchrist, M., Ahmad, R., Courtenay, M., Bosanquet, J. and Holmes, A.H. (2019). Nurse roles in antimicrobial stewardship: lessons from public sectors models of acute care service delivery in the United Kingdom. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0621-4

    [publisher’s website]

  • Zingg, W., Storr, J., Park, B.J., Jernigan, J.A., Harbarth, S., Grayson, M.L.... Pittet, D. (2019). Broadening the infection prevention and control network globally; 2017 Geneva IPC-think tank (part 3). Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0528-0

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Zhu, N.J., Leather, A.J.M., Holmes, A. and Ferlie, E. (2019). Strengthening strategic management approaches to address antimicrobial resistance in global human health: a scoping review. BMJ Global Health, 4(5), pp. e001730-e001730. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001730

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Sim, F. and Mackie, P. (2019). Navigating complexity: harnessing appropriate methodologies. Public Health, 174, pp. A1-A2. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.08.001

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., Ahmad, R., Rawson, T.M., Castro-Sanchèz, E., Tarrant, C. and Holmes, A. (2019). Reply to Peiffer-Smadja et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 69(3), pp. 561-561. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy1135

    [publisher’s website]

  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R., Iwami, M., Castro‐Sánchez, E., Atun, R. and Holmes, A.H. (2019). A multilevel neo‐institutional analysis of infection prevention and control in English hospitals: coerced safety culture change? Sociology of Health & Illness, 41(6), pp. 1138-1158. doi:10.1111/1467-9566.12897

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., Ahmad, R., Rawson, T.M., Castro-Sanchèz, E., Tarrant, C. and Holmes, A.H. (2019). The Differences in Antibiotic Decision-making Between Acute Surgical and Acute Medical Teams: An Ethnographic Study of Culture and Team Dynamics. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 69(1), pp. 12-20. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy844

    [publisher’s website]

  • McLeod, M., Ahmad, R., Shebl, N.A., Micallef, C., Sim, F. and Holmes, A. (2019). A whole-health–economy approach to antimicrobial stewardship: Analysis of current models and future direction. PLOS Medicine, 16(3), pp. e1002774-e1002774. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002774

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Ahmad, R., Toumazou, C., Georgiou, P. and Holmes, A.H. (2019). Artificial intelligence can improve decision-making in infection management. Nature Human Behaviour, 3(6), pp. 543-545. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0583-9

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Zhu, N.J., Lebcir, R.M. and Atun, R. (2019). How the health-seeking behaviour of pregnant women affects neonatal outcomes: findings of system dynamics modelling in Pakistan. BMJ Global Health, 4(2), pp. e001242-e001242. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001242

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., Smith, I., Skodvin, B., Perozziello, A., Lucet, J.-.C., Lescure, F.-.X.... Holmes, A.H. (2019). Investigating the cultural and contextual determinants of antimicrobial stewardship programmes across low-, middle- and high-income countries—A qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 14(1), pp. e0209847-e0209847. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0209847

    [publisher’s website]

  • Alividza, V., Mariano, V., Ahmad, R., Charani, E., Rawson, T.M., Holmes, A.H.... Castro-Sánchez, E. (2018). Investigating the impact of poverty on colonization and infection with drug-resistant organisms in humans: a systematic review. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 7(1). doi:10.1186/s40249-018-0459-7

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ashiru-Oredope, D., Doble, A., Akpan, M.R., Hansraj, S., Shebl, N.A., Ahmad, R.... Hopkins, S. (2018). Antimicrobial Stewardship Programmes in Community Healthcare Organisations in England: A Cross-Sectional Survey to Assess Implementation of Programmes and National Toolkits. Antibiotics, 7(4), pp. 97-97. doi:10.3390/antibiotics7040097

    [publisher’s website]

  • Mizuno, S., Iwami, M., Kunisawa, S., Naylor, N., Yamashita, K., Kyratsis, Y.... Ahmad, R. (2018). Comparison of national strategies to reduce meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in Japan and England. Journal of Hospital Infection, 100(3), pp. 280-298. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.026

    [publisher’s website]

  • Castro-Sánchez, E., Iwami, M., Ahmad, R., Atun, R. and Holmes, A.H. (2018). Articulating citizen participation in national anti-microbial resistance plans: a comparison of European countries. European Journal of Public Health, 28(5), pp. 928-934. doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky128

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Sim, F. and Mackie, P. (2018). Ask not what your health system can do for you …. Public Health, 162, pp. A1-A3. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2018.08.006

    [publisher’s website]

  • Hansen, S., Schwab, F., Gastmeier, P., Zingg, W., Pittet, D., Zingg, W.... Wu, A.W. (2018). Association of national and hospital factors to hospitals' alcohol-based handrub consumption in Europe: results of the European PROHIBIT study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(7), pp. 778.e1-778.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.10.015

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Moore, L.S.P., Castro-Sanchez, E., Charani, E., Hernandez, B., Alividza, V.... Holmes, A.H. (2018). Development of a patient-centred intervention to improve knowledge and understanding of antibiotic therapy in secondary care. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0333-1

    [publisher’s website]

  • Birgand, G., Castro-Sánchez, E., Hansen, S., Gastmeier, P., Lucet, J.-.C., Ferlie, E.... Ahmad, R. (2018). Comparison of governance approaches for the control of antimicrobial resistance: Analysis of three European countries. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control, 7(1). doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0321-5

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Castro‐Sánchez, E., Charani, E., Husson, F., Moore, L.S.P., Holmes, A.H.... Ahmad, R. (2018). Involving citizens in priority setting for public health research: Implementation in infection research. Health Expectations, 21(1), pp. 222-229. doi:10.1111/hex.12604

    [publisher’s website]

  • Lebcir, R., Demir, E., Ahmad, R., Vasilakis, C. and Southern, D. (2017). A discrete event simulation model to evaluate the use of community services in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease in the United Kingdom. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1). doi:10.1186/s12913-017-1994-9

    [publisher’s website]

  • Naylor, N.R., Zhu, N., Hulscher, M., Holmes, A., Ahmad, R. and Robotham, J.V. (2017). Is antimicrobial stewardship cost-effective? A narrative review of the evidence. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 23(11), pp. 806-811. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.011

    [publisher’s website]

  • Charani, E., Ahmad, R., Tarrant, C., Birgand, G., Leather, A., Mendelson, M.... Holmes, A. (2017). Opportunities for system level improvement in antibiotic use across the surgical pathway. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 60, pp. 29-34. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2017.04.020

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Sim, F. and Mackie, P. (2017). Harnessing the positive potential of wider policy impacts on human health. Public Health, 148, pp. A1-A2. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.05.006

    [publisher’s website]

  • Iwami, M., Ahmad, R., Castro-Sánchez, E., Birgand, G., Johnson, A.P. and Holmes, A. (2017). Capacity of English NHS hospitals to monitor quality in infection prevention and control using a new European framework: a multilevel qualitative analysis. BMJ Open, 7(1), pp. e012520-e012520. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012520

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Moore, L.S.P., Hernandez, B., Castro-Sanchez, E., Charani, E., Georgiou, P.... Holmes, A.H. (2016). Patient engagement with infection management in secondary care: a qualitative investigation of current experiences. BMJ Open, 6(10), pp. e011040-e011040. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011040

    [publisher’s website]

  • Holmes, A., Castro-Sánchez, E. and Ahmad, R. (2016). Guidelines in infection prevention: Current challenges and limitations. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 22(9), pp. 440-443. doi:10.12968/bjhc.2016.22.9.440

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Iwami, M., Castro-Sánchez, E., Husson, F., Taiyari, K., Zingg, W.... Holmes, A. (2016). Defining the user role in infection control. Journal of Hospital Infection, 92(4), pp. 321-327. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.09.018

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rawson, T.M., Moore, L.S.P., Hernandez, B., Castro-Sánchez, E., Charani, E., Ahmad, R.... Holmes, A.H. (2016). Missed opportunities for shared decision making in antimicrobial stewardship: The potential consequences of a lack of patient engagement in secondary care. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 45, pp. 122-123. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.306

    [publisher’s website]

  • Holmes, A., Ahmad, R. and Kiernan, M. (2016). Lessons in implementing infection prevention. Journal of Infection Prevention, 17(2), pp. 84-89. doi:10.1177/1757177415619027

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Sim, F. and Mackie, P. (2016). Staying connected or networked to death? Public Health, 131, pp. 1-2. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2016.01.008

    [publisher’s website]

  • Akpan, M., Ahmad, R., Shebl, N. and Ashiru-Oredope, D. (2016). A Review of Quality Measures for Assessing the Impact of Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Hospitals. Antibiotics, 5(1), pp. 5-5. doi:10.3390/antibiotics5010005

    [publisher’s website]

  • Hansen, S., Schwab, F., Gastmeier, P., Pittet, D., Zingg, W., Sax, H.... Wu, A.W. (2015). Provision and consumption of alcohol-based hand rubs in European hospitals. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 21(12), pp. 1047-1051. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.019

    [publisher’s website]

  • Hansen, S., Zingg, W., Ahmad, R., Kyratsis, Y., Behnke, M., Schwab, F.... Wu, A.W. (2015). Organization of infection control in European hospitals. Journal of Hospital Infection, 91(4), pp. 338-345. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.07.011

    [publisher’s website]

  • Holmes, A., Castro-Sánchez, E. and Ahmad, R. (2015). Guidelines in infection prevention: Current challenges and limitations. British Journal of Healthcare Management, 21(6), pp. 275-277. doi:10.12968/bjhc.2015.21.6.275

    [publisher’s website]

  • Martin, M., Zingg, W., Knoll, E., Wilson, C. and Dettenkofer, M. (2014). National European guidelines for the prevention of Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic qualitative review. Journal of Hospital Infection, 87(4), pp. 212-219. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2014.05.002

    [publisher’s website]

  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R., Hatzaras, K., Iwami, M. and Holmes, A. (2014). Making sense of evidence in management decisions: the role of research-based knowledge on innovation adoption and implementation in health care. Health Services and Delivery Research, 2(6), pp. 1-192. doi:10.3310/hsdr02060

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Sim, F. and Mackie, P. (2013). Keeping the data flowing. Public Health, 127(9), pp. 795-796. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.009

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Ferlie, E. and Atun, R. (2013). How Trustworthiness is Assessed in Health Care: A Sensemaking Perspective. Journal of Change Management, 13(2), pp. 159-178. doi:10.1080/14697017.2012.700525

    [publisher’s website]

  • Kyratsis, Y. and Ahmad, R. (2013). Mapping the terrain of investment in global infectious diseases. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 13(1), pp. 6-7. doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(12)70289-x

    [publisher’s website]

  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R. and Holmes, A. (2012). Making sense of evidence in management decisions: the role of research-based knowledge on innovation adoption and implementation in healthcare. study protocol. Implementation Science, 7(1). doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-22

    [publisher’s website]

  • Ahmad, R., Kyratsis, Y. and Holmes, A. (2012). When the user is not the chooser: learning from stakeholder involvement in technology adoption decisions in infection control. Journal of Hospital Infection, 81(3), pp. 163-168. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2012.04.014

    [publisher’s website]

  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R. and Holmes, A. (2012). Technology adoption and implementation in organisations: comparative case studies of 12 English NHS Trusts. BMJ Open, 2(2), pp. e000872-e000872. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2012-000872

    [publisher’s website]

  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). What action can national and international agencies take? Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 97-99
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). Social, economic, human rights and political challenges to global mental health. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 87-96
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). Should development agencies care about mental health? Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 65-67
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). Mental health and the global agenda: Core conceptual issues. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 69-82
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). International and national policy challenges in mental health. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 101-114
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). How can mental health be integrated into health system strengthening? Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 115-117
  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). Health system challenges and solutions to improving mental health outcomes. Mental Health in Family Medicine, 8(2), pp. 119-127
  • Sim, F. and Ahmad, R. (2011). Building grass roots capacity to tackle childhood obesity. Perspectives in Public Health, 131(4), pp. 165-169. doi:10.1177/1757913911408260

    [publisher’s website]

  • Jenkins, R., Baingana, F., Ahmad, R., McDaid, D. and Atun, R. (2011). Scaling up mental health services: where would the money come from? Mental health in family medicine, 8(2), pp. 83-86
  • Ahmad, R., Atun, R., Birgand, G., Castro-Sánchez, E., Charani, E., Ferlie, E.... Group, C.O.M.P.A.S.S.C.A.M.O. Macro Level Influences on Strategic Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic - A Tool for National Assessments. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3709837

    [publisher’s website]

Reports (2)

  • Holmes, A., Dixon-Woods, M., Ahmad, R., Brewster, E., Castro-Sanchez, E., Secci, F.... Zingg, W. (2015). Infection prevention and control: lessons from acute care in England. Towards a whole health economy approach. Health Foundation.
  • Kyratsis, Y., Ahmad, R. and Holmes, A.H. Understanding the Process of Innovation Adoption in 12 NHS trusts – technology selection, procurement and implementation to help reduce HCAIs. London: Medical Research Council.

Professional activities

Collaboration (academic)

  • Researcher of Knowledge Mobilisation Lead project (November 2025 - November 2030)
    Other partners: NIHR Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) in Respiratory Infections

Editorial activity

  • Public Health, Senior Associate Editor, 2013 - 2019.

Keynote lectures/speeches (6)

  • 5th Global Ministerial Summit on Patient Safety – Session chair (postponed due to COVID-19). Montreux, Switzerland (2020).
  • 4th International Conference on Patient Safety. Islamabad, Pakistan (2019).
  • Dow University of Health Sciences; Continuing Medical Education Lecture Series. Karachi, Pakistan (2019).
  • World Innovation Summit for Health (WISH) – Innovation showcase. Doha, Qatar (2018).
  • World Health Organization Europe: Knowledge utilisation and translation to address antimicrobial resistance. Berlin, Germany (2017).
  • Geneva Infection Prevention and Control - Think Tank. Geneva, Switzerland (2016).

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