Professor Lorenzo Strigini • City St George's, University of London

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About
Research
Publications

About

Overview

Lorenzo Strigini is a member of the Centre for Software Reliability at City St George's, University of London.

He joined the Centre in 1995, and has been its director in 2012-2024. Most of his previous career was spent at the Institute for Information Processing of the National Research Council of Italy (IEI-CNR), with periods as a visiting scientist at the University of California, Los Angeles and at the Bell Communication Research Laboratories, Morristown.

His research focuses on dependability assessment, fault tolerance and defence in depth for safety, security and reliability, applied to computer-based systems and socio-technical systems.

During his past career he also worked on high-speed networking.

Qualifications

Laurea (5 year degree) in Electronic Engineering (cum laude), University of Pisa, Italy, 1980
Abilitazione all'esercizio della professione di ingegnere, Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca

Employment

Professor of Systems Engineering, City, University of London, United Kingdom, 1999 - present
Reader, City, University of London, United Kingdom, 1995 - 1999
Visiting Researcher, Bell Communication Research, 1986
Visiting Scholar, University of California Los Angeles, United States, 1985 - 1987
Researcher, Istituto di Elaborazione dell'Informazione (IEI, Institute for Information Processing) of the Italian National Research Council (CNR), Italy, 1984 - 1995
Research Fellow, Selenia SpA, Italy, 1980 - 1983

Memberships of professional organisations

Member, Association for Computing Machinery, 1988 - present
Member, IEEE (Computer Society), 1982 - present
Member, EWICS European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems Reliability, Safety & Security, 1980 - present
Member, IFIP Working Group 10.4 on Dependable Computing & Fault Tolerance, 1990

Languages

English (can read, write, speak, understand spoken, peer review) and Italian (can read, write, speak, understand spoken, peer review)

Teaching

Lorenzo Strigini's teaching includes, among other courses, the module on Risk in Socio-technical Systems for the professional MSc in Information Security and Risk, a one-week course on Introduction to Fault-tolerant Computing for industry, and an undergraduate module on Software Reliability and Measurement. He also teaches short courses and tutorials for industry on dependability assessment and fault tolerance.

Research

Research interests

Lorenzo Strigini studies risk and dependability (reliability, safety, security) in software and socio-technical systems that depend on software.
This involves mostly probabilistic reasoning as an aid for clarifying and debugging the reasoning applied to safety and security decisions; as well as empirical studies on automation and on people.

Main current research topics

- Methods for assessing dependability in systems that use diversity for fault tolerance and resilience and for guiding the application of diversity (e.g. project DISPO for the Control and Instrumentation Nuclear Industry Forum)

- Decision making on approval of critical systems (e.g. project UnCoDe)
-

- Dependability of human-machine systems. A topic is the effect of decision support tools on human decisions (see e.g. a case study in computer aided detection of cancer, in the DIRC project and a followup study for Cancer Research UK projects )

- Interaction between safety and security issues in critical embedded systems: synergies and tradeoffs between measures applied for achieving them, and ways for reducing "two cultures" problems between practitioners of the two areas affects system development (e.g. projects SeSaMo, AQUAS)

Current and recent projects

Publications

Publications by category

Chapters (12)

Strigini, L. (2012). Fault tolerance and resilience: meanings, measures and assessment. In Wolter, K., , Avritzer, A., , Vieira, M., and van Moorsel, A., (Eds.), Resilience Assessment and Evaluation of Computing Systems Springer. ISBN 9783642290312.
Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A., Strigini, L. and Ayton, P. (2009). Computer Aided Detection: Risks and benefits for radiologists' decisions. In Samei, E. and Krupinski, E. (Eds.), The Handbook of Medical Image Perception and Techniques (pp. 320-332). Cambridge Univ Pr. ISBN 9780521513920.
Strigini, L. (2005). Fault Tolerance Against Design Faults. In Diab, H. and Zomaya, A. (Eds.), Dependable Computing Systems: Paradigms, Performance Issues, and Applications (pp. 213-241). J. Wiley & Sons.
Gashi, I., Popov, P.T., Stankovic, V. and Strigini, L. (2003). On Designing Dependable Services with Diverse Off-the-Shelf SQL Servers. In Lemos, R.D., Gacek, C. and Romanovsky, A.B. (Eds.), Architecting Dependable Systems II - [the book is a result of the ICSE 2003 Workshop on Software Architectures for Dependable Systems] (pp. 191-214). Springer. ISBN 3540231684.
Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (2000). Software reliability and dependability: a roadmap. In Finkelstein, A. (Ed.), The Future of Software Engineering (pp. 177-188). ACM Press.
Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A., Chiaradonna, S. and Di Giandomenico, F. (1995). Dependability Analysis of Iterative Fault-Tolerant Software Considering Correlation. In Randell, B., Laprie, J.C., Kopetz, H. and Littlewood, B. (Eds.), Predictably Dependable Computing Systems, Esprit Basic Research Series (pp. 459-471). Springer. ISBN 9783540593348.
Strigini, L. and Littlewood, B. (1995). Validation of Ultra-High Dependability for Software-Based Systems. In Randell, B., Laprie, J.C., Kopetz, H. and Littlewood, B. (Eds.), Predictably Dependable Computing Systems (ESPRIT Basic Research Series) (pp. 473-493). Springer. ISBN 9783540593348.
Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A., Chiaradonna, S. and Di Giandomenico, F. (1995). Rational Design of Multiple-Redundant Systems: Adjudication and Fault Treatment. In Randell, B., Laprie, J.C., kopetz, H. and Littlewood, B. (Eds.), Predictably dependable computing systems (pp. 141-153). ISBN 9783540593348.
Strigini, L., Ciompi, P. and Grandoni, F. (1991). Software-Fault Tolerance. In Powell, D. (Ed.), Delta-4: A Generic Architecture for Dependable Distributed Computing (pp. 351-369). Springer. ISBN 9780387549859.
Strigini, L. and Grandoni, F. (1988). Prospective Developments - Software Fault-Tolerance. Delta-4 Overall System Specification Echirolles, France
Strigini, L., Maltinti, P. and Neri, M. (1983). Specifiche di massima per un meccanismo a transazioni atomiche per doppio nodo MARA. Tecniche di tolleranza ai guasti per MARA (pp. 131-163). Bologna
Strigini, L., Baiardi, F., Cioffi, G., Corsini, P., Frosini, G., Grandoni, F.... Vanneschi, M. (1983). The MuTEAM System. The MuTEAM experience in designing distributed systems of microprocessors (pp. 13-23). Bologna

Conference papers and proceedings (111)

Strigini, L., Povyakalo, D., Alberdi, E. and Ayton, P. (2026). Not only overreliance: a broader view of AI-congruent human error. ORCAS 2026, 1st International Workshop on OverReliance on Cognitive AI Systems in Safety-Critical Domains. A workshop of SAFECOMP 2026, the 45th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security 22-25 September, Valencia.
Bishop, P., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. Doubt in Safety Claims is Inevitable: What is its Impact, What Can be Done About It? .doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02018-5_17
Zhao, X., Aghazadeh-Chakherlou, R., Cheng, C.-.H., Popov, P. and Strigini, L. (2025). On the Need for a Statistical Foundation in Scenario-Based Testing of Autonomous Vehicles. 2025 IEEE 28th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 18-21 November.doi:10.1109/itsc60802.2025.11423546
Aghazadeh Chakherlou, R., Strigini, L., Popov, P. and Salako, K. (2024). A Contribution to Probabilistic Dependability Assessment Based on Operation Before and After Change. High Integrity Software Conference (HISC) 2024 17 October, ICC Wales, Newport.
Bishop, P.G., Povyakalo, A.A. and Strigini, L. (2024). How to reason about Risk, given Inevitable Doubt on Arguments for High Dependability. SAFECOMP 2024 17-20 September, Florence, Italy.
Chakherlou, R.A. and Strigini, L. (2024). Impact of Prior Beliefs on Dependability Prediction for a Changed System Using Pre-change Operational Evidence. 2024 IEEE 24th International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security (QRS) 1-5 July.doi:10.1109/qrs62785.2024.00063
Aghazadeh Chakherlou, R., Strigini, L., Kołowrocki, K. and Dąbrowska, E. (2024). Using Pre Change Operational Evidence For Predicting Post Change Reliability, Given Prior Confidence In Fault-Freeness. ESREL 2024 23-27 June, Cracow, Poland.
Bishop, P., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. (2022). Bootstrapping confidence in future safety from past safe operation. 2022 IEEE 33rd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE) 31 October-3 November.doi:10.1109/issre55969.2022.00020
Chakherlou, R.A., Salako, K. and Strigini, L. (2022). Arguing safety of an improved autonomous vehicle from safe operation before the change: new results. 2022 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) 31 October-3 November.doi:10.1109/issrew55968.2022.00085
Buerkle, C., Oboril, F., Paulitsch, M., Popov, P. and Strigini, L. (2022). Modelling road hazards and the effect on AV safety of hazardous failures. 2022 IEEE 25th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC) 8-12 October.doi:10.1109/itsc55140.2022.9922283
Gadala, M., Strigini, L. and Fujdiak, R. (2022). Authentication for Operators of Critical Medical Devices: A Contribution to Analysis of Design Trade-offs. ARES 2022: The 17th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security 23-26 August, Vienna, Austria.doi:10.1145/3538969.3544474
Terrosi, F., Strigini, L. and Bondavalli, A. Impact of Machine Learning on Safety Monitors. .doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14835-4_9
Salako, K., Strigini, L. and Zhao, X. (2021). Conservative Confidence Bounds in Safety, from Generalised Claims of Improvement & Statistical Evidence. 2021 51st Annual IEEE/IFIP International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN) 21-24 June.doi:10.1109/dsn48987.2021.00055
Strigini, L. and Gadala, M. (2020). Human Factors Standards and the Hard Human Factor Problems: Observations on Medical Usability Standards. 13th International Conference on Health Informatics 24-26 February.doi:10.5220/0009179707660773
Zhao, X., Robu, V., Flynn, D., Salako, K. and Strigini, L. (2019). Assessing the Safety and Reliability of Autonomous Vehicles from Road Testing. 2019 IEEE 30th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE) 28-31 October.doi:10.1109/issre.2019.00012
Strigini, L. (2019). Ensuring and demonstrating diverse quality attributes of complex systems: problems of models and cultures. GAUSS 2019 28-31 October, Berlin, Germany.
Huang, F. and Strigini, L. (2018). Predicting Software Defects Based on Cognitive Error Theories. 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) 15-18 October.doi:10.1109/issrew.2018.00-16
Gashi, I., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. (2016). Diversity, Safety and Security in Embedded Systems: Modelling Adversary Effort and Supply Chain Risks. 2016 12th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC) 5-9 September.doi:10.1109/edcc.2016.27
Strigini, L. (2014). Assessment Techniques, Certification and [What Else We Need for] Confidence in Software. 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering Workshops (ISSREW) 3-6 November.doi:10.1109/issrew.2014.120
Strigini, L. (2014). Assessment techniques, certification and [what else we need for] confidence in software. WoSoCer 2014 3-6 November, Naples, Italy.
Popov, P., Povyakalo, A., Stankovic, V. and Strigini, L. (2014). Software Diversity as a Measure for Reducing Development Risk. 2014 Tenth European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC) 13-16 May.doi:10.1109/edcc.2014.36
Rushby, J., Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (2014). Evaluating the Assessment of Software Fault-Freeness. AESSCS 2014 Workshop, "Planning the Unplanned Experiment: Assessing the Efficacy of Standards for Safety Critical Software At the European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC) 13 May, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Gashi, I., Povyakalo, A.A., Strigini, L., Matschnig, M., Hinterstoisser, T. and Fischer, B. (2014). Diversity for Safety and Security in Embedded Systems. IEEE International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks 23-6 January, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Bishop, P.G., Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A. and Di Giandomenico, F. (2014). Estimating Worst Case Failure Dependency with Partial Knowledge of the Difficulty Function. 33rd International Conference, SAFECOMP 2014 10-9 January, Florence, Italy.doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10506-1
Bishop, P. and Strigini, L. Estimating Worst Case Failure Dependency with Partial Knowledge of the Difficulty Function. .doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10506-2_13
Strigini, L. and Povyakalo, A.A. (2013). Software fault-freeness and reliability predictions. SAFECOMP 2013, 32nd International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security 24-27 September, Toulouse, France.
Ayton, P., Alberdi, E., Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (2013). Preference for predictable or uncertain probabilities and the risk of failure. SPUDM 2013, 24th Subjective Probability, Utility and Decision-Making Conference 18-22 August, Barcelona.
Popov, P., Stankovic, V. and Strigini, L. (2012). An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of 'Forcing Diversity' Based on a Large Population of Diverse Programs. ISSRE 2012, International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering 27-30 November, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Strigini, L., Bloomfield, Robin, , Paulitsch, Michael, and Reiger, Rupert, (2012). Evidence-Based Security in Aerospace. From Safety to Security and Back Again. 23rd International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE 2012), Fast Abstracts Track 26-29 November, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Ayton, P., Alberdi, E., Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (2012). Better the devil you don't know. Society for Judgment & Decision Making (SJDM) Conference 16-19 November, Minneapolis.
Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. Assessing Asymmetric Fault-Tolerant Software. .doi:10.1109/ISSRE.2010.10
Alberdi, E., Strigini, L., Leach, K., Ryan, P., Palanque, P. and Winckler, M. Gaining assurance in a voter-verifiable voting system. .doi:10.1109/DEPEND.2009.21
Alberdi, E., Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A.A., Ayton, P., Buth, B., Rabe, G.... Seyfarth, T. Why Are People's Decisions Sometimes Worse with Computer Support? SAFECOMP 2009, 28th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability, and Security.doi:10.1007/978-3-642-04468-7_3
Littlewood, B., Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Shryane, N., Hierons, R.M., Bowen, J.P.... Harman, M. Modelling the Effects of Combining Diverse Software Fault Detection Techniques. .
Strigini, L., Palanque, P., Winckler, M., Bernhaupt, R., Alberdi, E. and Ryan, P. AROVE-v: Assessing the resilience of open verifiable E-voting systems. 7th European Dependable Computing Conference, EDCC 2008 Kaunas, Lithuania.
Strigini, L. (2007). Achieving effective diversity between redundant software-based components. 6th International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations 11-13 September, Manchester, UK.
Bryans, J.W., Littlewood, B., Ryan, P.Y.A. and Strigini, L. (2006). E-voting: Dependability requirements and design for dependability. 1st International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security 20-22 April, Vienna Univ Technol, Vienna, AUSTRIA.
Alberdi, E., Ayton, P., Povyakalo, A.A. and Strigini, L. Automation bias and system design: A case study in a medical application. .doi:10.1049/ic:20050451
Strigini, L., Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A. and Ayton, P. (2005). Automation bias in medical decision making: A study of unreliable computer advice in breast cancer screening. 27th Annual Meeting of the Society for Medical Decision Making (SMDM05) October-, San Francisco.
van der Meulen, M., Riddle, S., Strigini, L., Jefferson, N., Franch, X. and Port, D. Protective wrapping of off-the-shelf components. .
van der Meulen, M.J.P., Strigini, L., Revilla, M.A., Winther, R., Gran, B.A. and Dahll, G. On the effectiveness of run-time checks. .
Strigini, L. (2004). Formalism and judgement in assurance cases. Workshop on Assurance Cases: Best Practices, Possible Obstacles, and Future Opportunities, held at International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2004) June-, Florence, Italy.
Gashi, I., Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. Fault Diversity among Off-The-Shelf SQL Database Servers. .doi:10.1109/DSN.2004.1311908
Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Kostov, A., Mollov, V., Selensky, D., Kazman, R.... Port, D. Software Fault-Tolerance with Off-the-Shelf SQL Servers. .
Harrison, M.D. and Strigini, L. Workshop on Interdisciplinary Approaches to Achieving and Analysing System Dependability. .
Littlewood, B., Strigini, L., Samarati, P., Ryan, P.Y.A., Gollmann, D. and Molva, R. Redundancy and Diversity in Security. .
Littlewood, B., Bloomfield, R., Popov, P., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. The impact of ‘difficulty’ variation on the probability of coincident failure of diverse systems. International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations Liverpool.
Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A., Strigini, L., Ayton, P., Lemke, H.U., Vannier, M.W.... Reiber, J.H.C. Does incorrect computer prompting affect human decision making? A case study in mammography. .
Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A. and Alberdi, E. Human-Machine Diversity in the Use of Computerised Advisory Systems: A Case Study. .doi:10.1109/DSN.2003.1209935
Strigini, L. and Popov, P. Diversity with Off-The-Shelf Components: A Study with SQL Database Servers. International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (DSN 2003).
Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A., Alberdi, E. and Ayton, P. Decision support or automation bias? A study of computer aided decision making in breast screening. Subjective Probability, Utility and Decision Making (SPUDM 2003).
Strigini, L., Bosio, D., Littlewood, B., Newby, M.J., C. Gacek, and B. Arief, (2002). Advantages of open source processes for reliability: clarifying the issues. 25-26 February, Newcastle upon Tyne.
Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. The Reliability of Diverse Systems: A Contribution Using Modelling of the Fault Creation Process. .doi:10.1109/DSN.2001.941385
Littlewood, B., Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. Modeling software design diversity. .
Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Riddle, S. and Romanovsky, A.B. On Systematic Design of Protectors for Employing OTS Items. .doi:10.1109/EURMIC.2001.952434
Littlewood, B., Popov, P., Strigini, L., Redmill, F. and Anderson, T. Design diversity: an update from research on reliability modelling. .
Strigini, L., Popov, P., Riddle, S. and Romanovsky, A. Protective Wrapping of OTS Components. 4th ICSE Workshop on Component-Based Software Engineering: Component Certification and System Prediction Toronto.
Littlewood, B., Strigini, L., Wright, D., Fenton, N., Neil, M., Courtois, P.-.J.... Gelenbe, E. Bayesian Belief Networks for safety assessment of computer-based systems. .
Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Littlewood, B. and Arabnia, H.R. Choosing Between Fault-Tolerance and Increased V&V for Improving Reliability. .
Littlewood, B., Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Koornneef, F. and Meulen, M.V.D. Assessment of the Reliability of Fault-Tolerant Software: A Bayesian Approach. .
Littlewood, B., Strigini, L., Ghezzi, C., Jazayeri, M. and Wolf, A.L. Software reliability (tutorial session): basic concepts and assessment methods. .
Littlewood, B., Popov, P. and Strigini, L. N-version design versus one good version. Proc International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (Fast Abstracts) New York.
Strigini, L., Popov, P. and Romanovsky, A. Diversity for off-the-Shelf Components. International Conference on Dependable Systems & Networks (FTCS-30, DCCA-8) New York, NY, USA.
Strigini, L., Popov, P. and Littlewood, B. Assessing the Reliability of Diverse Fault-Tolerant Systems. INucE International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations Bristol, UK.
Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., Romanovsky, A.B., Felici, M., Kanoun, K. and Pasquini, A. Choosing Effective Methods for Design Diversity - How to Progress from Intuition to Science. .
Bondavalli, A., Chiaradonna, S., Giandomenico, F.D. and Strigini, L. A Contribution to the Evaluation of the Reliability of Iterative-Execution Software. .
Strigini, L., Burns, A., Punnekkat, S. and Wright, D.R. Probabilistic Scheduling Guarantees for Fault-Tolerant Real-Time Systems. Seventh IFIP International Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA-7) San Jose, California, USA.
Strigini, L., Popov, P. and Pizza, M. (1998). The efficacy of diverse redundancy against design error: some practical considerations. Third International Conference on Control and Instrumentation in Nuclear Installations May-, Edinburgh, U.K.
Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. Conceptual Models for the Reliability of Diverse Systems - New Results. .doi:10.1109/FTCS.1998.689457
Pizza, M. and Strigini, L. Comparing the effectiveness of testing methods in improving programs: the effect of variations in program quality. .doi:10.1109/ISSRE.1998.730873
Pizza, M., Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A. and Giandomenico, F.D. Optimal Discrimination between Transient and Permanent Faults. .doi:10.1109/HASE.1998.731615
Sonneck, G., Schoitsch, E., Strigini, L. and Ehrenberger, W.D. A Holistic View on the Dependability of Software-Intensive Systems. .
Bertolino, A. and Strigini, L. Assessing the Risk due to Software Faults: Estimates of Failure Rate versus Evidence of Perfection. .
Frankl, P., Hamlet, D., Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (1997). Choosing a testing method to deliver reliability. 19th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 97) - Pulling Together 17-23 May, BOSTON, MA.
Strigini, L., Delic, K.A. and Mazzanti, F. (1997). Formalising Engineering Judgement on Software Dependability via Belief Networks. Sixth IFIP International Working Conference "Can We Rely on Computers?" March-, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
Strigini, L. and Bertolino, A. (1996). Predicting Software Reliability from Testing Taking into Account Other Knowledge about a Program. Ninth International Software Quality Week (QW'96) May-, San Francisco.
Strigini, L. and Fenton, N. Rigorously assessing software reliability and safety. .
Strigini, L. and Bertolino, A. Acceptance Criteria for Critical Software Based on Testability Estimates and Test Results. 15th International Conference on Computer Safety, Reliability and Security (SAFECOMP 96) Vienna, Austria.
Bertolino, A., Strigini, L., Perry, D.E., Jeffery, R. and Notkin, D. Using Testability Measures for Dependability Assessment. .
Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A., Chiaradonna, S. and Di Giandomenico, F. Dependability Models for Iterative Software Considering Correlation among Successive Inputs. IEEE International Symposium on Computer Performance and Dependability (IPDS'95) Erlangen, Germany.
Strigini, L. Considerations on current research issues in software safety. .doi:10.1016/0951-8320(94)90064-7
Chiaradonna, S., Bondavalli, A., Strigini, L., Echtle, K., Hammer, D.K. and Powell, D. On Performability Modeling and Evaluation of Software Fault Tolerant Structures. .
Strigini, L., Bondavalli, A. and Stankovic, J. (1993). Adaptable Fault Tolerance for Real-Time Systems. 3rd International Workshop on Responsive Computer Systems September- October, Lincoln, New Hampshire.
STRIGINI, L., BONDAVALLI, A. and SIMONCINI, L. DATA-FLOW-LIKE LANGUAGES FOR DESIGNING DEPENDABLE REAL-TIME CONTROL-SYSTEMS. .
Bondavalli, A., Strigini, L. and Simoncini, L. Dataflow-Like Languages for Real-Time Systems: Issues of Computational Models and Notations. .
Bondavalli, A. and Strigini, L. DSDR: A Fair and Efficient Access Protocol for Ring-Topology MANs. .
Strigini, L. and Giandomenico, F.D. Flexible Schemes for Application-Level Fault Tolerance. .
Giandomenico, F.D., Strigini, L., Cin, M.D. and Hohl, W. Implementations and Extensions of the Conversation Concept. .
Strigini, L., Conti, M., Grandoni, F., Gregori, E. and Lenzini, L. (1990). Allocation of bandwidth in a dual-bus MANs interconnected environment. 10th International Conference on Computer Communication (ICCC'90) 5-8 November, New Delhi, India.
Giandomenico, F.D. and Strigini, L. Adjudicators for Diverse-Redundant Components. .
Strigini, L. and Simoncini, L. (1988). Computers in critical environments: past mishaps and lessons to be learned. 11th International Conference on Fault Tolerant Systems and Diagnostics 6-9 June, Suhl, Germany.
Strigini, L., Ciompi, P., Grandoni, F. and Simoncini, L. (1988). Open, dependable, distributed systems: the Delta-4 approach. 11th International Conference on Fault Tolerant Systems and Diagnostics 6-9 June, Suhl, Germany.
Albanese, A., Strigini, L., Fratta, L. and Raviv, J. A routing strategy for interconnecting high-speed metropolitan area networks. .
Strigini, L., Albanese, A. and Fratta, L. (1987). Explicit offset routing for interconnected high-speed networks. Fifth Annual European Fibre Optic Communications and Local Area Networks Exposition (EFOC/LAN-87) June-, Basel, Switzerland.
Strigini, L., Albanese, A. and Fratta, L. (1987). Multicast services in high-speed interconnected LANs. Workshop on High- Speed LANs February-, Aachen, Germany.
Strigini, L., Grandoni, F. and Lenzini, L. (1987). An algorithm for distributed management of traffic on interconnected networks. IFIP TC6 Workshop on LAN Management West Berlin.
Strigini, L., Ciompi, P., Grandoni, F., Simoncini, L., Avizienis, A., Kopetz, H.... Laprie, J.C. The evolution of dependable computing in Italy", in "The Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing. One-day Symposium on the Evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing Baden.
Avizienis, A., Gunningberg, P., Kelly, J.P.J., Strigini, L., Traverse, P.J., Tso, K.S.... Voges, U. UCLA DEDIX SYSTEM: A DISTRIBUTED TESTBED FOR MULTIPLE-VERSION SOFTWARE. .
Strigini, L., Corsini, P. and Lopriore, L. (1985). A task-controlled memory managing system for capability-based addressing architectures. 1st IEEE International Conference on Supercomputing Systems, SCS 85 December-, St. Petersburgh, Florida, USA.
Strigini, L. and Avizienis, A. (1985). Software Fault-Tolerance and Design Diversity: Past Experience and Future Evolution. IFAC Workshop SAFECOMP '85 October-, Como, Italy.
Avizienis, A., Gunningberg, P., Kelly, J.P.J., Lyu, R.T., Strigini, L., Traverse, P.J.... Voges, U. SOFTWARE FAULT-TOLERANCE BY DESIGN DIVERSITY DEDIX: A TOOL FOR EXPERIMENTS. .doi:10.1016/s1474-6670(17)60102-2
Corsini, P., Simoncini, L. and Strigini, L. MuTEAM: A MULTIMICROPROCESSOR ARCHITECTURE WITH DECENTRALIZED FAULT TREATMENT. .
Corsini, P., Simoncini, L., Strigini, L., Großpietsch, K.-.E. and Cin, M.D. The architecture and the fault-treatment of MuTEAM. .
Strigini, L. and Barigazzi, G. (1983). Application-transparent setting of recovery points. 13th International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing June-, Milan.
Corsini, P., Lopriore, L. and Strigini, L. PROPOSAL FOR FAULT-TOLERANCE IN A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM. .
Strigini, L. and Vergati, M.G. (1982). Development system for multiprocessors. International Meeting on Development Aids for Microprocessors October-, Liegi.
Barigazzi, G., Ciuffoletti, A. and Strigini, L. RECONFIGURATION PROCEDURE IN A DISTRIBUTED MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM. .
Barigazzi, G., Ciuffoletti, A. and Strigini, L. A Distributed algorithm for post-failure load redistribution. .
Strigini, L., Cardini, R., La Manna, M. and Lopriore, L. (1981). System Architecture and Protection Mechanism of the MuTEAM Multimicroprocessor. International Conference on Fault-Tolerant Systems and Diagnostics September-, Brno, Czechoslovakia.
Strigini, L., Cardini, R., Corsini, P., Frosini, G., La Manna, M. and Lopriore, L. (1981). MuTEAM: un Sistema Distribuito Multimicroprocessore. Atti Congresso Annuale AICA September-.
Strigini, L., Povyakalo, A., Alberdi, E., Ayton, P., Dearden, A. and Watts, L. Evaluating 'Human + Advisory computer' systems: A case study. HCI2004,18th British HCI Group Annual Conference.

Journal articles (47)

Huang, F. and Strigini, L. (2023). HEDF: A Method for Early Forecasting Software Defects Based on Human Error Mechanisms. IEEE Access, 11, pp. 3626-3652. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3234490
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (2022). Letter to the Editor: A Critical Response to a Recent Paper by Daniels and Tudor. Safety-Critical Systems eJournal, 1(2)
Zhao, X., Salako, K., Strigini, L., Robu, V. and Flynn, D. (2020). Assessing safety-critical systems from operational testing: A study on autonomous vehicles. Information and Software Technology, 128, pp. 106393-106393. doi:10.1016/j.infsof.2020.106393
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B., Salako, K., Strigini, L. and Zhao, X. (2020). On reliability assessment when a software-based system is replaced by a thought-to-be-better one. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 197, pp. 106752-106752. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2019.106752
[publisher’s website]
Favaro, J., Mazzini, S., Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. (2018). AQUAS: A project to bridge the gaps between safety and security processes. Ada User Journal, 39(4), pp. 261-263
[publisher’s website]
Zhao, X., Littlewood, B., Povyakalo, A., Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (2018). Conservative claims for the probability of perfection of a software-based system using operational experience of previous similar systems. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 175, pp. 265-282. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2018.03.032
[publisher’s website]
Zhao, X., Littlewood, B., Povyakalo, A., Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (2017). Modeling the probability of failure on demand (pfd) of a 1-out-of-2 system in which one channel is “quasi-perfect”. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 158, pp. 230-245. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2016.09.002
[publisher’s website]
Bishop, P., Bloomfield, R., Littlewood, B., Popov, P., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. (2014). A conservative bound for the probability of failure of a 1-out-of-2 protection system with one hardware-only and one software-based protection train. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 130, pp. 61-68. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2014.04.002
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (2014). Bounds on survival probability given mean probability of failure per demand; And the paradoxical advantages of uncertainty. Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 128, pp. 66-83. doi:10.1016/j.ress.2014.02.004
Povyakalo, A.A., Alberdi, E., Strigini, L. and Ayton, P. (2013). How to discriminate between computer-aided and computer-hindered decisions: a case study in mammography. Medical Decision Making, 33, pp. 98-107
[publisher’s website]
Salako, K. and Strigini, L. (2013). When does "Diversity" in Development Reduce Common Failures? Insights from Probabilistic Modelling. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing, 99(preprints). doi:10.1109/TDSC.2013.32
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. (2012). Resilience: What Is It, and How Much Do We Want? IEEE SECURITY & PRIVACY, 10(3), pp. 72-75. doi:10.1109/MSP.2012.74
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (2011). “Validation of ultra-high dependability…” – 20 years on. Safety Systems - The Safety-Critical Systems Club Newsletter, 30(3)
[publisher’s website]
Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A.A., Strigini, L., Ayton, P. and Given-Wilson, R. (2008). CAD in mammography: Lesion-level versus case-level analysis of the effects of prompts on human decisions. International Journal of Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery, 3(1-2), pp. 115-122. doi:10.1007/s11548-008-0213-x
[publisher’s website]
Gashi, I., Popov, P.T. and Strigini, L. (2007). Fault Tolerance via Diversity for Off-the-Shelf Products: A Study with SQL Database Servers. IEEE Trans. Dependable Sec. Comput., 4, pp. 280-294. doi:10.1109/TDSC.2007.70208
[publisher’s website]
Alberdi, E., Povyakalo, A.A., Strigini, L., Ayton, P., Hartswood, M., Procter, R.... Slack, R. (2005). Use of computer-aided detection (CAD) tools in screening mammography: a multidisciplinary investigation. Br J Radiol, 78 Spec No 1, pp. S31-S40. doi:10.1259/bjr/37646417
[publisher’s website]
Alberdi, E., Povykalo, A., Strigini, L. and Ayton, P. (2004). Effects of incorrect computer-aided detection (CAD) output on human decision-making in mammography. Academic Radiology, 11(8), pp. 909-918. doi:10.1016/j.acra.2004.05.012
[publisher’s website]
Popov, P.T., Strigini, L., May, J.H.R. and Kuball, S. (2003). Estimating Bounds on the Reliability of Diverse Systems. IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 29, pp. 345-359. doi:10.1109/TSE.2003.1191798
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B., Popov, P. and Strigini, L. (2002). Assessing the reliability of diverse fault-tolerant software-based systems. SAFETY SCIENCE, 40(9), pp. 781-796
[publisher’s website]
Bloomfield, R., Courtois, P.J., Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (2002). Search for the Unnecessary. NUCL ENG INT, 47(570), pp. 11-11
Bloomfield, R., Courtois, P.-.J., Littlewood, B., Strigini, L., Yih, S. and Fan, C.-.F. (2002). Letter to the editor [1] (multiple letters). Nuclear Engineering International, 47(570), pp. 11-11
Littlewood, B., Popov, P.T., Strigini, L. and Shryane, N. (2000). Modeling the Effects of Combining Diverse Software Fault Detection Techniques. IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 26, pp. 1157-1167. doi:10.1109/32.888629
[publisher’s website]
Burns, A., Prasad, D., Bondavalli, A., Giandomenico, F.D., Ramamritham, K., Stankovic, J.A.... Strigini, L. (2000). The meaning and role of value in scheduling flexible real-time systems. Journal of Systems Architecture, 46, pp. 305-325
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B., Popov, P. and Strigini, L. (1999). A note on reliability estimation of functionally diverse systems. RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, 66(1), pp. 93-95
[publisher’s website]
Frankl, P., Hamlet, D., Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (1999). Evaluating testing methods by delivered reliability (vol 24, pg 586, 1998). IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, 25(2), pp. 286-286. doi:10.1109/TSE.1999.761452
[publisher’s website]
Frankl, P.G., Hamlet, R.G., Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (1998). Evaluating Testing Methods by Delivered Reliability. IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 24, pp. 586-601. doi:10.1109/32.707695
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B., Fenton, N., Neil, M., Strigini, L., Sutcliffe, A. and Wright, D. (1998). Assessing dependability of safety-critical systems using diverse evidence. IEE Proceedings - Software Engineering, 145(1), pp. 35-39
Fenton, N.E., Littlewood, B., Neil, M., Strigini, L., Sutcliffe, A.G. and Wright, D. (1998). Assesing dependability of safety critical systems using diverse evidence. IEE Proceedings - Software, 145, pp. 35-39
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L., Giandomenico, F.D. and Romanovsky, A.B. (1997). Coordinated Backward Recovery between Client Processes and Data Servers. IEE Proceedings on Software Engineering, 1(2), pp. 134-146
[publisher’s website]
Bertolino, A. and Strigini, L. (1996). On the Use of Testability Measures for Dependability Assessment. IEEE Trans. Software Eng., 22, pp. 97-108. doi:10.1109/32.485220
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. (1996). Limiting the Dangers of Intuitive Decision Making. IEEE Software, 13, pp. 101-103. doi:10.1109/52.476293
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. (1996). On Testing Process Control Software for Reliability Assessment: the Effects of Correlation between Successive Failures. Softw. Test., Verif. Reliab., 6, pp. 33-48
[publisher’s website]
STRIGINI, L. and BERTOLINO, A. (1995). THE FLIP SIDE OF DESIGNING FOR TESTABILITY. IEEE SOFTWARE, 12(5), pp. 12-13
Romanovsky, A. and Strigini, L. (1995). Backward error recovery via conversations in Ada. Software Engineering Journal, 10(6), pp. 219-232. doi:10.1049/sej.1995.0027
[publisher’s website]
Littlewood, B. and Strigini, L. (1993). Validation of Ultrahigh Dependability for Software-Based Systems. Commun. ACM, 36, pp. 69-80
[publisher’s website]
LITTLEWOOD, B. and STRIGINI, L. (1992). THE RISKS OF SOFTWARE. SCI AM, 267(5), pp. 38-43
[publisher’s website]
Bondavalli, A., Strigini, L. and Sereno, M. (1992). Destination Stripping Dual Ring: A New Protocol for MANs. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 24, pp. 15-32
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. (1991). Comments on 'Resourceful Systems for Fault Tolerance, Reliability and Safety. ACM Computing Surveys, Surveyor's Forum, 23(3), pp. 407-409
Strigini, L., Conti, M., Grandoni, F., Gregori, E. and Lenzini, L. (1991). Interconnection of Dual Bus MANs: Architecture and Algorithms for Bandwidth Allocation. Internetworking: Research and Experience, 2, pp. 1-22
Bondavalli, A., Conti, M., Gregori, E., Lenzini, L. and Strigini, L. (1989). MAC Protocols for High-Speed MANs: Performance Comparisons for a Family of Fasnet-Based Protocols. Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, 18, pp. 97-113
[publisher’s website]
Strigini, L. (1987). Comments on Workshop on Reliability Modelling of Fault-tolerant Software. Software Reliability and Metrics Newsletter, (5), pp. 5-6
Strigini, L., Ciompi, P., Nikolov, A. and Simoncini, L. (1987). Performance Evaluation of Multimicroprocessor System with Cluster Organization. Problems of Engineering, Cybernetics and Robotics, 27, pp. 61-67
Strigini, L., Briatico, D., Ciuffoletti, A. and Simoncini, L. (1985). An Implementation of Error Detection and Fault Treatment for the MuTEAM Prototype. IEEE Distributed Processing Technical Committee Newsletter pp. 97-104
Strigini, L., Corsini, P. and Simoncini, L. (1985). The MuTeam Distributed Multiprocessor Architecture. IEEE Computer Architecture Technical Committee Newsletter pp. 97-104
Barigazzi, G. and Strigini, L. (1983). APPLICATION-TRANSPARENT SETTING OF RECOVERY POINTS. Digest of Papers Ftcs Fault Tolerant Computing Symposium pp. 48-55
Corsini, P., Lopriore, L. and Strigini, L. (1983). FAIL-SAFENESS IN A MULTIPROCESSOR SYSTEM. A DISTRIBUTED STRATEGY BASED ON BACKWARD ERROR RECOVERY. Software Microsystems, 2(6), pp. 147-156. doi:10.1049/sm.1983.0054
[publisher’s website]
Popov, P., Strigini, L. and Buerkle, C. Stochastic Modeling of Road Hazards on Intersections and their Effect on Safety of Autonomous Vehicles. (Oboril, F. and Paulitsch, M. , Trans.) IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems

Reports (8)

Salako, K., Strigini, L. and Zhao, X. (2021). Proofs of Conservative Confidence Bounds on PFD, Using Claims of Improved Reliability. London, UK: Centre for Software Reliability, City, University of London.
Wright, D. and Strigini, L. (2012). Bounds on survival probability given mean probability of failure per demand; and the paradoxical advantages of uncertainty. London, UK: City University London.
Stankovic, V. and Strigini, L. (2009). A survey on online monitoring approaches of computer-based systems..
Strigini, L. and Littlewood, B. (2000). A discussion of practices for enhancing diversity in software designs..
Littlewood, B., Strigini, L. and Wright, D. (1998). Examination of Bayesian belief network for safety assessment of nuclear computer-based systems..
Strigini, L. and Littlewood, B. (1997). Guidelines for Statistical Testing..
Fenton, N.E., Littlewood, B., Neil, M., Strigini, L., Wright, D.R. and Courtois, P.J. (1997). Bayesian belief network model for the safety assessment of nuclear computer-based Systems. Brussels: DeVa ESPRIT Long Term Research Project.
Strigini, L. (1994). Engineering judgement in reliability and safety and its limits: what can we learn from research in psychology?.

Working paper

Bishop, P., Povyakalo, A. and Strigini, L. (2024). How to reason about Risk, given Inevitable Doubt on Arguments for High Dependability. Position paper presented at SAFECOMP 2024 conference