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  5. Dr Gary Armstrong
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photo of Gary Armstrong

Dr Gary Armstrong

Reader Sociology & Criminology

School of Policy & Global Affairs Department of Sociology and Criminology

Contact details

  • +44 (0)20 7040 8347
  • Gary.Armstrong@citystgeorges.ac.uk
  • About
  • Publications

About

Overview

Dr Gary Armstrong has been a Senior Lecturer in Criminology at City, University of London since 2018. He previously lectured in the Sociology of Sport at Brunel University and before that in Criminology at the University of Westminster and later the University of Reading.

Amongst the many criminology projects he has been involved in, two of the best known publications are ‘Images of Control: The Rise of the Maximum Surveillance Society’ (co-authored with Clive Norris) and ‘Surveillance, CCTV and Social Control’ (co-edited with Clive Norris and Jade Moran). His research into sports-related matters has produced the following publications: ‘Football Hooligans: Knowing the Score’; ‘Blade Runners: Lives in Football’ and ‘Sheffield United FC: The Biography’. He has also co-edited, alongside Richard Giulianotti, ‘Entering the Field: New Perspectives in World Football’; ‘Football Cultures and Identities’; ‘Fear and Loathing in World Football’ and ‘Football in Africa: Conflict, Conciliation and Community’. From 1998 to present he has researched the possibilities that football can offer to various demographics in the reconstruction of post-conflict Liberia. Recent research in Bosnia-Herzegovina has addressed the same question. Other long-term research has examined the role football has played in the politics of Malta, the study of which produced a 2009 book co-authored with Jon Mitchell titled ‘Local and Global Football’. The year 2010 saw the publication of a book co-authored with Alberto Testa titled ‘Football, Fascism and Fandom: The UltraS of Italian Football’. Another book, published in February 2011 and co-authored with Pete Fussey and Dick Hobbs, titled ‘Securing and Sustaining the 2012 Olympic City’, examined the policing and security implications that surrounded London’s hosting of the 2012 Olympic Games. A continuation of the Olympic research produced in 2016 the co-authored (with Richard Giulianotti and Dick Hobbs) ‘Policing the London 2012 Olympics: Legacy and Social Exclusion’. Two years later he co-authored (with James Rosbrook-Thompson) a study of a London housing titled ‘Mixed Occupancy Housing in London: A Living Tapestry’. He has published two books in collaboration with Matthew Bell: ‘Fit and Proper? Conflicts and Conscience in an English Football Club’, in 2010 and ‘Steel and Grace: Sheffield’s Olympic Track and Field Medallists’ in 2014. In recent years his research has focused on serious youth violence and knife crime and the associated phenomenon of County Lines. A co-authored book titled 'Rings of Steel: a Social History of Sheffield Boxing' will be published in 2020. Gary is currently co-authoring a book on sport diplomacy, also due out in 2020.

Publications

Publications by category

Books (9)

  • Bell, M. and Armstrong, G. (2021). A Social History of Sheffield Boxing, Volume I Rings of Steel, 1720–1970. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030635459.
  • Pardo, I. and Prato, G.B. (2021). Urban Inequalities Ethnographically Informed Reflections. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783030517236.
  • Bell, M. and Armstrong, G. (2021). A Social History of Sheffield Boxing, Volume II Scrap Merchants, 1970-2020. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030635534.
  • Armstrong, G., Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Lindsay, I. (2021). Power Plays. Academia – ein Verlag in der Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft. ISBN 9783896659040.
  • Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Armstrong, G. (2018). Mixed-Occupancy Housing in London. Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319746777.
  • Norris, C. and Moran, J. (2016). Surveillance, Closed Circuit Television and Social Control. Routledge.
  • Armstrong, G., Giulianotti, R. and Hobbs, D. (2016). Policing the 2012 London Olympics. Routledge.
  • Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G. and Hobbs, D. (2012). Securing and sustaining the olympic city: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond.
  • Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G. and Hobbs, D. (2011). Securing and sustaining the Olympic city: Reconfiguring London for 2012 and beyond.

Chapters (13)

  • Armstrong, G. and Bell, M. (2024). Object, Legitimacy and Inability: Reflections on 100 Years of Footballing Nothingness. Palgrave Studies in Urban Anthropology (pp. 209-232). Springer Nature Switzerland. ISBN 9783031786068.
  • Armstrong, G. and Bell, M. (2021). Inequalites and Redemption: A Boxing Story. In Pardo, I. and Prato, G.B. (Eds.), Urban Inequalities Ethnographically Informed Reflections (pp. 251-276). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783030517236.
  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2021). Mixed Occupancy: Mixed Occupations? Inequality and Employment on an Inner-City Housing Estate. In Pardo, I. and Prato, G.B. (Eds.), Urban Inequalities Ethnographically Informed Reflections (pp. 193-214). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9783030517236.
  • Mathiesen, T. (2019). The Viewer Society: Michel Foucault’s ‘Panopticon’ Revisited (1997). Crime and Media (pp. 506-521). Routledge.
  • Armstrong, G., Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Collison, H. (2019). Liberia Tournaments and T-shirts. ROUTLEDGE HANDBOOK OF SPORT FOR DEVELOPMENT AND PEACE (pp. 474-483). ISBN 9781138210486.
  • Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Armstrong, G. (2018). The Beginnings and the Ends: A ‘Superdiverse’ London Housing Estate. The Palgrave Handbook of Urban Ethnography (pp. 113-131). Springer International Publishing. ISBN 9783319642888.
  • Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. (2017). CCTV and the Social Structuring of Surveillance. Surveillance, Crime and Social Control (pp. 81-102). Routledge.
  • Clive, N., Jade, M. and Gary, A. (2017). Algorithmic surveillance: the future of automated visual surveillance. Surveillance, Crime and Social Control (pp. 497-517). Routledge.
  • Norris, C., Moran, J. and Armstrong, G. (2016). Algorithmic surveillance: The future of automated visual surveillance. Surveillance Closed Circuit Television and Social Control (pp. 255-276).
  • Armstrong, G. and Giulianotti, R. (2016). From another angle: Police surveillance and football supporters. Surveillance Closed Circuit Television and Social Control (pp. 113-136).
  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook‐Thompson, J. (2015). Football Hooliganism. (pp. 1-3). Wiley. ISBN 9781405189781.
  • Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2013). The ultras: The extreme right in contemporary Italian football. Varieties of Right Wing Extremism in Europe (pp. 265-280).
  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2011). Managing urban disorder?: "The street" and its malcontents in the London borough of Camden. Young Men in Uncertain Times (pp. 265-293).

Journal articles (33)

  • Rosbrook-Thompson, J., Greer, C., McLaughlin, E., Ilan, J., Armstrong, G., Myers, C.-.A.... Rojek, C. (2025). Integrated Through Risk?: How Actuarial and Epidemiological Approaches to Urban Violence Reduction Interact Within a Multi-Agency Gangs Team. The British Journal of Criminology, 65(4), pp. 743-762. doi:10.1093/bjc/azae089

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. (2024). An Ethnography of the Goodman Building: The Longest Rent Strike. Urbanities - Journal of Urban Ethnography, 14(1), pp. 106-109

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2024). The Sense of an Ending: Ageing and Coping in the Words of the Boys. Urbanities, 14(1), pp. 51-65

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Hognestad, H.K. (2023). Congregations and the Nomads: An Exploration of the Words, Deeds and Journeys of Football Fandom. STADION, 47(1), pp. 90-120. doi:10.5771/0172-4029-2023-1-90

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2022). Interrogating the Public Health Approach: Lessons from the Field of Urban Violence. Urbanities, 12, pp. 85-91
  • Rosbrook‐Thompson, J. and Armstrong, G. (2022). Respectability and boundary making on a superdiverse housing estate: The cross‐racial deployment of intra‐ethnic stereotypes. The British Journal of Sociology, 73(2), pp. 259-272. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12922

    [publisher’s website]

  • Fraser, A., Armstrong, G. and Hobbs, D. (2021). Policing the Olympic gang: the rise and fall of the Portuguese Mafia. Policing and Society, 31(2), pp. 195-208. doi:10.1080/10439463.2019.1700985

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G., Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Hobbs, D. (2020). Dislocation and Criminality: The 'Lithuanian Problem' in East London. URBANITIES-JOURNAL OF URBAN ETHNOGRAPHY, 10, pp. 51-68
  • Maidano, M. and Armstrong, G. (2020). Civility, Locality and Loyalty: Football and Croatian Identity in Bosnia-Herzegovina. URBANITIES-JOURNAL OF URBAN ETHNOGRAPHY, 10, pp. 111-127
  • Armstrong, G. (2019). Floodlit football. TLS-THE TIMES LITERARY SUPPLEMENT, (6082), pp. 6-6
  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2017). ‘Squashing the Beef’: Combatting Gang Violence and Reforming Masculinity in East London. Contemporary Social Science, 12(3-4), pp. 285-296. doi:10.1080/21582041.2017.1385833

    [publisher’s website]

  • Norris, C. and Armstrong, G. (2016). Introduction: Power and vision. Surveillance Closed Circuit Television and Social Control pp. 3-18
  • James, G.A. and Rosbrook-Thompson, (2016). Faith, space and selfhood in East London 'Youth gang' culture. Urbanities, 6(2), pp. 18-38
  • Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G. and Hobbs, D. (2015). Sport Mega-Events and Public Opposition. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 39(2), pp. 99-119. doi:10.1177/0193723514530565

    [publisher’s website]

  • Giulianotti, R., Armstrong, G., Hales, G. and Hobbs, D. (2015). Global sport mega‐events and the politics of mobility: the case of theLondon 2012Olympics. The British Journal of Sociology, 66(1), pp. 118-140. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12103

    [publisher’s website]

  • Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2012). “We Are Against Islam!” Sage Open, 2(4). doi:10.1177/2158244012467023

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2012). Terrorizing defences: Sport in the Liberian civil conflict. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 47(3), pp. 358-378. doi:10.1177/1012690211433480

    [publisher’s website]

  • Fussey, P., Coaffee, J., Armstrong, G. and Hobbs, D. (2012). The regeneration games: purity and security in the Olympic city1. The British Journal of Sociology, 63(2), pp. 260-284. doi:10.1111/j.1468-4446.2012.01409.x

    [publisher’s website]

  • Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2012). The articulations of the true believers: Football and neo-fascism in the eternal city. Journal of Mediterranean Studies, 21(1), pp. 25-52
  • Armstrong, G., Hobbs, D. and Lindsay, I. (2011). Calling the Shots. Urban Studies, 48(15), pp. 3169-3184. doi:10.1177/0042098011422397

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Mitchell, J.P. (2011). Defence and attack: empire, nation and resistance in inter-war football in Malta. Social Identities, 17(3), pp. 303-320. doi:10.1080/13504630.2011.570971

    [publisher’s website]

  • Giulianotti, R. and Armstrong, G. (2011). Sport, the Military and Peacemaking: history and possibilities. Third World Quarterly, 32(3), pp. 379-394. doi:10.1080/01436597.2011.573935

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. (2011). The Bing Boys. Soccer & Society, 12(1), pp. 56-57. doi:10.1080/14660970.2011.530467

    [publisher’s website]

  • Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2010). Purity and danger: policing the Italian neo‐fascist footballUltraS. Criminal Justice Studies, 23(3), pp. 219-237. doi:10.1080/1478601x.2010.502345

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Rosbrook-Thompson, J. (2010). Coming to America: Historical Ontologies and United States Soccer. Identities, 17(4), pp. 348-371. doi:10.1080/1070289x.2010.492295

    [publisher’s website]

  • Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Armstrong, G. (2010). FIELDS AND VISIONS. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race, 7(2), pp. 293-314. doi:10.1017/s1742058x10000299

    [publisher’s website]

  • Testa, A. and Armstrong, G. (2008). Words and actions: Italianultrasand neo-fascism. Social Identities, 14(4), pp. 473-490. doi:10.1080/13504630802211951

    [publisher’s website]

  • ARMSTRONG, G. (2007). The global footballer and the local war‐zone: George Weah and transnational networks in Liberia, West Africa. Global Networks, 7(2), pp. 230-247. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2007.00167.x

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Giulianotti, R. (2007). Avenues of contestation. Football hooligans running and ruling urban spaces1. Social Anthropology, 10(2), pp. 211-238. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2002.tb00055.x

    [publisher’s website]

  • ARMSTRONG, G. and MITCHELL, J.O.N. (2006). Six Trophies and a Funeral: Performance and Football in the City of Valletta. City & Society, 18(2), pp. 180-206. doi:10.1525/city.2006.18.2.180

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Hognestad, H. (2003). "We're Not From Norway": Football and Civic Pride in Bergen, Norway. Identities, 10(4), pp. 451-475. doi:10.1080/714947396

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. (2002). Talking Up the Game: Football and the Reconstruction of Liberia, West Africa. Identities, 9(4), pp. 471-494. doi:10.1080/10702890214868

    [publisher’s website]

  • Armstrong, G. and Bates, C. (2001). Selves and others: Reflections on sport in South Asia. Contemporary South Asia, 10(2), pp. 191-205. doi:10.1080/09584930120083800

    [publisher’s website]

Reports (2)

  • Greer, C., Rosbrook-Thompson, J. and Armstrong, G. (2020). The Disproportionality Project: Addressing issues relating to the disproportionately high representation of Islington’s and Haringey’s BAME young people in the Criminal Justice System. London: Youth Justice Board.
  • Greer, C., Rosbrook-Thompson, J., Armstrong, G., Ilan, J., McLaughlin, E., Myers, C.-.A.... Taylor, E. (2019). Enhancing the work of the Islington Integrated Gangs Team: A pilot study on the response to serious youth violence in Islington. London, UK: Centre for City Criminology, City, University of London.

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