City sociologist discusses the ethical questions surrounding the recent terrorist charges of a member of the rap group Kneecap.

Mo Chara, member of the Northern Irish rap group Kneecap, was charged with a terror offence by the Metropolitan Police in May.

The charge comes after an incident at one of their concerts London in which he allegedly displayed a flag in support of proscribed organisation Hezbollah and chanted a controversial anti-Conservative refrain.

Mo Chara appeared at Westminster Magistrates' Court on Wednesday 18 June, where he was released on unconditional bail until his next hearing on 20 August. This hearing came 10 days before Kneecap’s concert in Glastonbury.

Speaking at an event at City St George’s, the BBC’s Director-General Tim Davie said that the BBC would reserve judgement about whether or not they would air Kneecap’s performance until they saw the performance, with any coverage subject to BBC editorial guidelines.

Prime Minister Sir Keir Starmer told The Sun that their upcoming concert at Glastonbury was not “appropriate”.

Dr Lambros Fatsis, Senior Lecturer in Criminology at City St George’s, University of London, specialises in cultural criminology with research expertise on the criminalisation of public culture.

As a member of the activist group Art not Evidence, he has provided expertise on debates around the policing and the criminalisation of Black music subcultures. He is also regularly called upon to act as an expert witness in criminal trials that use rap and drill music as evidence.

Dr Fatsis said:

Kneecap’s Mo Chara being charged with a terrorism offence sets a dangerous precedent for hypocritical and authoritarian responses to political criticism.

Governments should not decide which forms of creative expression are genuinely dangerous. Who governments define as terrorists and who they don’t reveals their own ideological priorities and political agendas rather than neutral objective realities.

We should be very alert to how and why governments transform human rights and civil liberties into criminal offences, using ‘the law’ to threaten fundamental human rights like the right to dissent, protest and political opposition.

We should also question who governments have historically defined as terrorist groups: e.g. anti-colonial, national liberation movements like the National Liberation Front in Algeria, the Vietcong in Vietnam, or the African National Congress in South Africa.

One of the ways in which the government has cracked down on various forms of protest is the Public Order Act, which was established in 2023. The order allows arrest based on the level of disruption.

This Act uses Counter Terrorism Policing definitions to restrict “noisy” protests – even when the protest is held by just a single person – and label activism as a form of domestic extremism and allows the police to target individuals who have participated in at least two protests within a five-year period.

This Act allowed the police to criminalise climate change activism – as was seen when Greater Manchester Police charge and arrest 4 ‘Just Stop Oil’ protesters on 25 May 2025 – under the basis of disruption of public services.

The Home Secretary Yvette Cooper is said to be considering a ban of the Palestine Action activist group, after two activists broke into RAF Brize Norton in Oxfordshire and sprayed two planes with red paint.

Kneecap have responded to Mo Chara's charges on social media, stating:

We deny this ‘offence’ and will vehemently defend ourselves.

This is political policing.

This is a carnival of distraction

We are not the story. Genocide is.

Many artists have come out in support for Kneecap, signing a joint statement, such as Fontaines DC, Annie Mac, Bicep, Idles, Massive Attack, Pulp and many more. The statement reads: “As artists, we feel the need to register our opposition to any political repression of artistic freedom.”

For Dr Fatsis, the concern around this case is to do with creativity and freedom of expression.

“If Kneecap are to be blamed for threatening liberal, democratic values,” he asks, “what are we to make of legislation that cracks down on protest, criminalises dissent and legalises undemocratic and unlawful violations of fundamental human rights?”

To speak with Dr Lambros Fatsis for further comment or analysis on this topic, please get in touch with City St George’s Press Office.

Byline: This article was written by Amandeep Chandan, Communications Assistant in City St George’s Press Office team.